Impact of Moderate Physical Activity on Inflammatory Markers and Telomere Length in Sedentary and Moderately Active Individuals with Varied Insulin Sensitivity

Figures & data

Table 1 General Characteristics of Study Participants

	ISS (n=90)	ISA (n=94)	P value	IRS (n=90)	IRA (94)	P value	All (n=368)	P value
Gender
Male	44 (48.9%)	49 (52.1%)		44 (48.9%)	52 (55.3%)		189 (51.4%)	0.789
Female	46 (51.1%)	45 (47.9%)		46 (51.1%)	42 (44.7%)		179 (48.6%)
Vital Signs
Age	25.79 (2.81)	25.95 (2.91)	0.658	25.42 (3.18)	25.57 (2.99)	0.782	25.68 (2.97)	0.719
BMI	24.44 (2.62)	24.7 (2.67)	0.531	25.55 (2.59)	25.5 (2.64)	0.972	25.05 (2.66)	0.008
Average systolic BP (mmHg)	103.49 (8.9)	106.15 (9.58)	0.078	108.16 (9.77)	109.85 (10.02)	0.188	106.93 (9.83)	0.000
Average diastolic BP	61.66 (7.7)	62.04 (7.43)	0.75	64.43 (7.8)	64.04 (8.12)	0.846	63.04 (7.83)	0.027
Pulse rate (beats/min)	71.11 (8.94)	70.63 (10.42)	0.65	74.41 (11.32)	73.28 (10.24)	0.555	72.35 (10.34)	0.071
Physical tests
Weight (kg)	67.36 (11.38)	68.35 (10.71)	0.493	71.42 (11.46)	71.9 (10.28)	0.548	69.77 (11.08)	0.010
Handgrip (left)	31.89 (13.01)	33.07 (13)	0.466	33.27 (14.48)	35.29 (12.66)	0.2	33.4 (13.29)	0.263
Handgrip (right)	32.68 (12.83)	33.77 (13.27)	0.575	34.04 (14.08)	35.81 (12.29)	0.262	34.09 (13.12)	0.345
Blood sugar
Glucose (mmol/L)	4.47 (0.4)	4.56 (0.38)	0.285	4.81 (0.47)	4.75 (0.54)	0.214	4.65 (0.47)	0.000
HbA1c (%)	5.06 (0.29)	5.13 (0.31)	0.143	5.14 (0.34)	5.18 (0.34)	0.511	5.13 (0.32)	0.072
Insulin (uU/mL)	6.46 (1.9)	6.26 (1.79)	0.711	13.99 (6.41)	15.88 (7.97)	0.19	10.66 (6.83)	0.000
C-Peptide (ng/mL)	1.56 (0.54)	1.5 (0.42)	0.81	2.54 (0.9)	2.67 (0.97)	0.422	2.07 (0.92)	0.000
Hemogram
Hemoglobin. g.dl	13.68 (1.79)	13.99 (1.68)	0.215	13.82 (1.78)	14.22 (1.63)	0.119	13.93 (1.72)	0.174
White Blood Cell Count (x10^3/ul)	0.52 (0.16)	0.53 (0.14)	0.796	0.58 (0.16)	0.53 (0.14)	0.034	0.54 (0.15)	0.051
Lipid profile
HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.53 (0.39)	1.51 (0.39)	0.815	1.39 (0.36)	1.4 (0.41)	0.865	1.46 (0.39)	0.023
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.58 (0.88)	2.82 (0.86)	0.067	2.69 (0.82)	2.76 (0.78)	0.602	2.72 (0.84)	0.263
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.94 (0.6)	0.91 (0.46)	0.616	1.14 (0.56)	1.16 (0.63)	0.83	1.04 (0.57)	0.000
Cytokines & others
TL	3.02 (1.38)	3.04 (1.8)	0.485	3.28 (1.65)	3.02 (1.34)	0.413	3.09 (1.55)	0.591
SOD	0.73 (1.24)	0.48 (0.4)	0.421	0.59 (0.59)	0.39 (0.35)	0.004	0.54 (0.74)	0.009
Catalase	25.63 (4.41)	25.21 (5.24)	0.466	24.9 (4.11)	25.02 (4.36)	0.824	25.19 (4.55)	0.340
IL-1β (?)	0.57 (0.62)	0.43 (0.38)	0.915	0.33 (0.32)	0.21 (0.13)	0.742	0.41 (0.42)	0.819
IL-6 (pg/mL)	11.61 (20.13)	13.4 (22.74)	0.007	12.94 (19.63)	13.24 (29.43)	0.811	12.78 (23.21)	0.053
IL-10 (pg/mL)	0.64 (0.8)	4.37 (12.41)	0.079	1.29 (2.08)	0.83 (1.16)	0.498	1.66 (5.94)	0.232
IL-22 (pg/mL)	119.2 (120.32)	621.52 (1496.21)	0.624	281.78 (262.9)	349.68 (685.37)	0.469	332.45 (768.57)	0.566
MCP-1/CCL2 (pg/mL)	141.18 (124.35)	137.07 (115.48)	0.745	141.17 (113.74)	133.71 (121.5)	0.474	138.24 (118.39)	0.906
TNF-α (pg/mL)	2.62 (2.49)	2.19 (1.26)	0.594	2.34 (2.25)	2.88 (4.22)	0.738	2.5 (2.72)	0.930

Table 2 Linear Regression Analysis Evaluating the Differences in Cytokines, Oxidative Stress Markers and Telomere Length (TL) Between ISA Vs ISS After Correcting for Potential Confounders

Name	Estimate	Std. Error	t. value	P-value
IL-6	0.41	0.18	2.28	0.02
IL-10	1.05	0.46	2.26	0.03
SOD	−0.14	0.12	−1.23	0.22
Catalase	−0.04	0.03	−1.15	0.25
IL-1RA	−1.02	2.23	−0.46	0.66
IL-22	0.39	1.06	0.37	0.71
IL-1-beta	−0.17	0.48	−0.36	0.72
MCP-1-CCL2	−0.05	0.15	−0.30	0.77
TNF-α	−0.06	0.22	−0.28	0.78
TL	−0.04	0.07	−0.53	0.60

Table 3 Linear Regression Analysis Evaluating the Differences in Cytokines, Oxidative Stress Markers and Telomere Length (TL) Between IRA Vs IRS After Correcting for Potential Confounders

Name	Estimate	Std. Error	t. value	P-value
IL-6	−0.01	0.18	−0.04	0.97
IL-10	−0.36	0.44	−0.81	0.42
SOD	−0.33	0.11	−2.86	0.01
Catalase	0.00	0.03	0.04	0.97
IL-1RA	−0.48	1.17	−0.41	0.69
IL-22	0.04	0.96	0.04	0.97
IL-1-beta	−0.40	0.64	−0.63	0.54
MCP-1-CCL2	−0.04	0.15	−0.26	0.79
TNF-α	0.04	0.22	0.19	0.85
TL	−0.06	0.07	−0.83	0.41

Figure 1 Comparing levels of serum IL-10 (a) and IL-6 (b) cytokines among ISS, ISA, IRS and IRA groups. Linear regression analysis evaluating the differences among the studied groups after correcting for age, BMI, gender, and fasting time. Data are presented as Mean±SEM. p* <0.05.

Figure 2 Comparing level of SOD among ISS, ISA, IRS and IRA groups (a) and between active and sedentary (b). Linear regression analysis evaluating the differences among the studied groups after correcting for age, BMI, gender, and fasting time. Data are presented as Mean±SEM. p* <0.05.

Figure 3 Comparing DNA telomere length among ISS, ISA, IRS and IRA groups. Linear regression analysis evaluating the differences among the studied groups after correcting for age, BMI, gender, and fasting time. Data are presented as Mean±SEM.

Figure 4 Heatmap representing significant correlations among cytokines, oxidative stress markers and telomere length measured in the whole cohort (n = 368). Correlation coefficient range (0–1) is color-coded (blue) and range (−1-0) is color-coded red. Correlations were made using Spearman correlation analysis (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01).

Data Sharing Statement

Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.