AMPK Signalling Pathway: A Potential Strategy for the Treatment of Heart Failure with Chinese Medicine

Figures & data

Figure 1 Subunit structure of AMPK.

Figure 2 Pathogenesis of AMPK signaling pathway in HF.

Table 1 Mechanism of Action of Chinese Herbal Monomers Modulating AMPK Signalling Pathway to Improve HF

Chinese Medicine Monomer	Composition	Research Subject	Dose	Times	Mechanism of Action	Reference
Astragalus	Astragaloside	ADR-induced heart failure in rats	4ng/L	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Improvement of myocardial metabolic substrates	[92]
	Astragalus polysaccharide	TAC-induced heart failure in rats	16.7, 33.3, 66.7 mg/kg	8 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Inhibition of mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes	[93]
Luo Han Guo	Luo Han Guo flavonoids	TAC-induced heart failure in rats	7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Improvement of energy metabolism	[95]
Ginseng	Ginsenoside	AAS-induced heart failure in rats	20mg/kg	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Improvement of cardiomyocyte oxidative stress	[97]
Paeonia lactiflora	Paeoniflorin	ADR-induced heart failure in rats	100, 200mg/kg	8 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Suppression of inflammatory response	[99]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	Tanshinone IIA	SHR-induced heart failure in rats	10mg/kg	6 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Enhances autophagy, improves cardiac function	[101]
Panax ginseng	Panax ginseng total saponin	TAC-induced heart failure in rats	30, 60, 120mg/kg	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Enhances autophagy, improves cardiac function	[103]
Coptis	Berberine	ISO-induced heart failure in rats	4, 8, 16mg/kg	8 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Enhances autophagy and inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy	[104]
Pueraria lobata	Puerarin	TAC-induced heart failure in rats	10, 30, 100mg/kg	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Inhibition of ferroptosis, apoptosis	[105]
Gardenia	Gardenia glycosides	TAC-induced heart failure in rats	20mg/kg	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress to prevent atrial hypertrophy	[106]

Abbreviations: ADR, Adriamycin; TAC, Transverse aortic constriction; SHR, Spontaneously hypertensive rats; ISO, Isoproterenol; AAS, ascending aortic stenosis.

Table 2 Mechanism of Action of Chinese Herbal Medicine Combinations Regulating the AMPK Signalling Pathway to Improve Heart Failure

Chinese Medicine Compound	Composition	Research Subject	Dose	Times	Mechanism of Action	Reference
Linggui Zhugan soup	Cassia twig, Atractylodes rhizoma, Poria cocos	ADR-induced heart failure in rats	2.43, 4.86g/kg	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Inhibits oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial function	[109]
Yixintai granules	Ginseng, Radix Ophiopogonis, Schisandrae, Rhizoma anemarrhenae, Angelica, calamus	AAS-induced heart failure in rats	1.76, 3.56, 5.58 g/kg	6 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Inhibits fatty acid oxidation and increases ATPase activity	[111]
Yangxin Kang Tablets	Ginseng, polygonum multiflorum, panax notoginseng	TAC-induced heart failure in rats	3.78, 7.56, 15.12g/kg	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Modulation of cardiomyocyte autophagy	[114]
Xinshuai Ning Combination	Mulberry bark, Rhizoma alismatis, plantaginis, Astragalus	ISO-induced heart failure in rats	11.1, 22.2g/kg	5 weeks	Regulation of PPARα, AMPK expression and consequently improvement of FFA levels	[119]
Wenyang Yiqi Soup	Aconite, cinnamon, Astragalus, Poria, Atractylodes rhizoma	ADR-induced heart failure in rats	1.188g/mL	8 weeks	Inhibition of AMPK-mediated mitochondrial autophagy	[120]
Buyang Huanwu Soup	Angelica sinensis, wild land, RHIZOMA Chuanxiong, Astragalus membranaceus, Paeonia lactiflora	SHR-induced heart failure in rats	9, 18, 36g/kg	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Enhances autophagy and improves mitochondrial metabolism	[122]
Shenkui Tongxin granules	Salvia miltiorrhiza, RHIZOMA Chuanxiong, Radix Puerariae	AAC-induced heart failure in rats	0.375, 0.75, 1.5g/kg	4 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Enhanced mitochondrial autophagy and improved energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes	[123]
Shenfu Qiangxin Soup	Ginseng, Aconite, mulberry white skin, descurainia	ISO-induced heart failure in rats	12.6g/kg	6 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Regulation of fatty acid oxidative metabolism and glucose transport	[124]
Shenfu Xiongze Soup	Ginseng, Aconite, RHIZOMA Chuanxiong, Rhizoma alismatis	SHR-induced heart failure in rats	6.61, 13.22, 26.44g/kg	2 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Reduces serum FFA levels	[125]
Ginseng injection	Ginseng, Aconite, salvia miltiorrhiza, Bupleurum	TAC-induced heart failure in rats	3.71, 7.42g/kg	5 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Suppression of the inflammatory response	[126]
Huanglian Jiandu soup	Scutellaria baicalensis, Rhizoma coptidis, Phellodendron angustifolia, Gardenia jasminoides	ISO-induced heart failure in rats	10mL/kg	6 weeks	Activation of AMPK-related pathways, Suppression of inflammatory response	[127]

Abbreviations: ADR, Adriamycin; TAC, Transverse aortic constriction; SHR, Spontaneously hypertensive rats; ISO, Isoproterenol; AAS, ascending aortic stenosis; AAC, abdominal aortic coarctation.

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