Dynamic Changes and Clinical Significance of Plasma Galectin-3 in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Undergoing Endovascular Therapy

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Data of the Survivor Group and Nonsurvivor Group

Variable	Survivor (N=91)	Nonsurvivor (N=14)	P value
Age (years)	64.29±14.87	76.00±13.20	0.006
Sex (male, %)	61 (67.0)	7 (50.0)	0.214
Medical history, n (%)
Hypertension	71 (78.0)	11 (78.6)	0.963
Diabetes	29 (31.9)	8 (57.1)	0.065
Heart disease	15 (16.5)	5 (35.7)	0.088
Atrial fibrillation	22 (24.2)	4 (28.6)	0.723
Clinical features
Admission systolic pressure (mmHg)	139.65±21.75	138.57±17.39	0.860
Admission diastolic pressure (mmHg)	77.02±16.78	74.57±21.11	0.625
Admission heart rate (times per minute)	79.18±14.36	86.07±10.34	0.087
The time between the onset and the revascularization, (hours)	9.40 (4.35, 14.73)	11.20 (5.00, 16.30)	0.621
Baseline NIHSS score	16 (12, 22)	23 (18, 30)	0.009
Preoperative thrombolytic therapy, n (%)	16 (17.6)	6 (42.9)	0.031
TOAST subtypes, n (%)			0.902
LAA	75 (82.4)	12 (85.7)
CE	15 (16.5)	2 (14.3)
SUE	1 (1.1)	0 (0.0)
Occlusive blood vessel			0.389
Anterior circulation vessel	74 (81.3)	10 (71.4)
Posterior circulation vessel	17 (18.7)	4 (28.6)
Laboratory examination
White blood cell count (10^9/L)	9.74 (7.46, 13.03)	11.25 (7.73, 13.29)	0.600
FBG (mmol/L)	8.29±3.08	9.90±3.64	0.077
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (%)	5.95 (5.50, 6.60)	5.80 (5.40, 6.50)	0.607
Creatinine (μmol/L)	80.80 (69.05, 98.63)	69.00 (56.50, 128.00)	0.465
LDL-c (mmol/L)	2.94±0.92	2.81±1.17	0.634

Notes: Data are expressed as the mean (SD), median (interquartile range), or number (%). Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test, and continuous variables were compared using the t-test or Mann‒Whitney U-test, as appropriate. The value in bold indicates P <0.05.

Abbreviations: Baseline NIHSS score, Baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; TOAST subtypes, Trial of Org10172in Acute Stroke Treatment; LAA, large-artery atherosclerosis; CE, cardioembolism; SUE, stroke of undetermined etiology; WBC, white blood cell; FBG, fasting blood glucose; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 1 The dynamic changes in Galectin-3 and NIHSS scores and the correlation between them.

Notes: The dynamic changes in Galectin-3 levels (A) and NIHSS scores (B) in all patients. The relationship between Galectin-3 levels and NIHSS scores before (C), 1 day (D), 3 days (E), and 7 days (F) was determined by Pearson correlation analysis (all P < 0.05). ^#Indicates P < 0.05 vs preoperation, *Indicates P < 0.05 vs 1 day from (A and B).

Abbreviations: Pre, preoperation; 1d, 1 day after the operation; 3d, 3 days after the operation; 7d, 7 days after the operation; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale.

Table 2 Subgroup Analysis of the Dynamic Changes in Galectin-3 Levels

Variables	N	Subgroup		Time		Interaction
		F value	P value	F value	P value	F value	P value
Death	14 (13.3)	7.490	0.007	2.540	0.570	0.212	0.888
Poor prognosis	51 (48.6)	11.784	0.001	7.477	<0.001	0.521	0.668
END	28 (26.7)	4.290	0.040	4.654	0.003	2.913	0.035

Notes: A linear mixed-effects model was used to evaluate the intergroup differences in the galectin-3 levels in different subgroups, time differences (pre, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days), and interaction effects. The value in bold indicates P <0.05.

Abbreviation: END, early neurological deterioration.

Figure 2 Dynamic changes in Galectin-3 levels and NIHSS score and their predictive value for death.

Notes: The dynamic changes in the Galectin-3 levels (A) and NIHSS scores (B) between the nonsurvivor group and survivor group. The dynamic changes in the Galectin-3 levels between the poor prognosis group and favorable prognosis group (C) and between the END group and non-END group (D). The predictive value of Galectin-3 (E) and the NIHSS score (F) for death events at 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days was determined using an ROC curve. A linear mixed effects model was used to compare the two groups and compare the different time periods within the groups. ^#Indicates P < 0.05 vs the survivor group, the favorable group and the non-END group from (A–D); *Indicates P < 0.05 vs pre; ^※Indicates P < 0.05 vs 1 day from (A–D). § indicates P < 0.05 vs pre in poor prognosis group (C).

Abbreviations: Pre, preoperation; 1d, 1 day after the operation; 3d, 3 days after the operation; 7d, 7 days after the operation; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; END, early neurological deterioration; Non-END, Nonearly neurological deterioration.

Table 3 ROC Curve Analysis of the Ability of Galectin-3 Levels and NIHSS Score to Predict Death

Variable	Time	Sensitivity	Specificity	Cut off value	Youden index	AUC	P value
Galectin-3	1d	0.857	0.560	2.720	0.417	0.707	0.013
	3d	0.538	0.841	3.773	0.379	0.708	0.016
	7d	0.667	0.744	3.633	1.411	0.707	0.041
NIHSS score	1d	0.786	0.835	17.5	0.621	0.842	<0.001
	3d	0.615	0.933	20.0	0.548	0.824	<0.001
	7d	0.818	0.830	12.5	0.648	0.875	<0.001

Notes: The value in bold indicates P <0.05.

Abbreviations: 1 d, 1 day after the operation; 3 d, 3 days after the operation; 7 d, 7 days after the operation; ROC, receiver operating characteristic curve. NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; AUC, area under the curve.