Effect of Integrated Pictorial Handbook Education and Counseling on Improving Anemia Status, Knowledge, Food Intake, and Iron Tablet Compliance Among Anemic Pregnant Women in Indonesia: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the study.

Table 1 Baseline Comparison on Socio-Demographic and Pregnancy Characteristics of Participants (n=140)

Variables	Intervention (n=70)	Control (n=70)	Total	P value
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age	28.4 (3.51)	28.2 (3.82)		0.51^a
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Education
9th grades	46 (65.7)	38 (54.3)	84 (60)	0.17^b
12th grades and higher	24 (34.3)	32 (45.7)	56 (40)
Occupation
Housewife	67 (95.7)	65 (92.9)	1132 (94.3)	0.47^b
Working	3 (4.3%)	5 (7.1)	8 (5.7)
Type of Family
Nuclear	62 (88.6)	60 (85.7)	122 (87.1)	0.61^b
Extended	8 (11.4)	10 (14.3)	18 (12.9)
Monthly Family Income
Under poverty line	13 (18.6)	21 (30)	106 (75.7)	0.11^b
Above poverty line	57 (81.4)	49 (70)	34 (24.3)
Gravidity
Primigravida (1st)	12 (17.1)	13 (18.6)	25 (17.9)	0.79^b
Multigravida (2nd–3th)	36 (51.4)	32 (45.7)	68 (48.6)
Grande multigravida (≥4th)	22 (31.4)	25 (35.7)	47 (33.5)
Variables	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)		P value
Gestation weeks	20 (2)	20 (0)		0.51^c

Notes: ^aIndependent t-test; ^bChi-square test; ^cMan-Whitney U-test; Significant at p-value <0.05.

Table 2 ANCOVA Results of the Intervention Program (Post-Test of Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Level, Birth Weight, Knowledge of Anemia, Iron from Food and IFA Intake) for Intervention and Control Group (n=140)

Outcome	Post-Test Experimental Group Mean (SD)	Post-Test Control Group Mean (SD)	F	p-value	Partial Eta Squared
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	11.7 (0.37)	10.5 (0.50)	122	<0.001^a	0.48
Hematocrit (%)	35.2 (0.81)	31.2 (0.92)	373	<0.001^a	0.73
Birth weight (gr)	3324 (354)	2975 (279)	7.58	0.006^b	0.05
Knowledge score	16.4 (2.06)	13.7 (3.0)	25.6	<0.001^c	0.16
Daily iron intake from food (mg/day)	6.5 (7.32)	3.8 (4.83)	7.71	0.006^c	0.54
FFQ score	57.9 (2.69)	48.2 (4.61)	562	<0.001^c	0.80
Number of IFA intake	55.5 (18.69)	23.2 (11.62)	662	<0.001^c	0.83

Notes: ANCOVA test; adjustment for covariates: ^aPre-test, post-test of iron from food, and IFA intake, age, education, monthly family income; ^bPost-test of hemoglobin, hematocrit level, iron from food, and IFA intake; ^cPre-test, age, education, monthly family income.