The Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors for Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) Among Healthcare Workers in Semarang, Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of the studied population.

Figure 2 Distribution of healthcare workers in each PHC participating in the study.

Table 1 Characteristics of Respondents

Variable	No. (%)
Age
<40 years old	126 (64.62)
≥40 years old	69 (35.38)
Gender
Male	37 (18.97)
Female	158 (81.03)
Occupation
Nurses	82 (42.05)
Laboratory technicians	45 (23.07)
Doctors	28 (14.36)
Epidemiologists	6 (3.08)
Midwives	5 (2.56)
Health surveyors	7 (3.58)
Miscellaneous	22 (11.28)
Cigarette smokers
No	172 (88.2)
Yes	23 (11.8)
Current illness
No	183 (93.85)
Yes*	12 (6.15)
Length of work
<10 years	91 (46.67)
≥10 years	104 (53.33)
IGRA test
Negative	149 (76.41)
Positive	46 (23.59)

Note: *Current illnesses of respondents includes DM (10 people) and hepatitis (2 people).

Table 2 Distribution of Respondents Based on TB Risk Factors and IGRA Test

Risk Factors	IGRA Test				Total (%)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P-value
	Positive (n=46)		Negative (n=149)
	n	%	n	%
Age (year)
<40 (ref)	29	63.04	97	65.10	126 (64.62)	0.93 (0.45–1.92)	0.839
≥40	17	36.96	52	34.90	69 (35.38)
Gender
Male (ref)	10	21.74	27	18.12	37 (18.97)	0.79
Female	36	78.26	122	81.88	158 (81.03)	(0.23–2.72)	0.708
Occupation
Nurses (ref)	17	36.96	65	43.62	82 (42.05)
Laboratory Technicians	13	28.26	32	21.48	45 (23.07)	1.65 (0.69–3.95)	0.259
Doctors	5	10.87	23	15.44	28 (14.36)	1.03 (0.35–3.0)	0.953
Epidemiologists	1	2.17	5	3.36	6 (3.08)	0.93 (0.10–8.73)	0.952
Midwives	2	4.35	3	2.01	5 (2.56)	3.20 (0.48–21.29)	0.230
Health surveyors	0	0	7	3.36	7 (3.58)	0 (0)	0.999
Miscellaneous	8	17.4	14	10.74	22 (11.28)	1.82 (0.60–5.50)	0.289
Cigarette smokers
No (ref)	40	86.96	132	88.60	172 (91.8)	2.54	0.247
Yes	6	13.03	17	11.40	23 (8.2)	(0.52–12.38)
Current illness
No (ref)	40	86.96	143	95.97	183 (93.85)	3.39	0.04
Yes	6	13.03	6	4.03	12 (6.15)	(0.99–11.62)
Length of work
<10 years (ref)	17	36.96	74	49.66	91 (46.67)	1.43	0.331
≥10 years	29	63.04	75	50.34	104 (53.33)	(0.70–2.91)

Note: The data analysis was performed using a multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Figure 3 The description of population density in Indonesia.

Notes: Reproduced from Wolters OW, Leinbach TR, Legge JD, McDivitt JF, Adam AW, Mohamad GS. Indonesia: population density. In: Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; 2020. By courtesy of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., copyright 2009; used with permission.²⁷

Figure 4 Distribution of TB in Semarang city based on population density in 2019.

Notes: Reprinted with permission from Hartanto TD, Saraswati LD, Adi MS, Udiyono A. Analisis spasial persebaran kasus tuberkulosis paru di kota Semarang tahun 2018 [Spatial analysis of the distribution of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Semarang 2018]. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2019;7(4):719–727. Indonesian. Copyright 2019, Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat.³¹

Wolters OW, Leinbach TR, Legge JD, McDivitt JF, Adam AW, Mohamad GS. Indonesia: population density. In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; 2020.

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