Exploring Factors Influencing Practice of Neonatal Resuscitation with Bag and Mask in Ethiopia: Analysis from 2016 National Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care Survey

Figures & data

Table 1 Health-Care Professionals' Characteristics, 2016 (N=3,804)

Characteristics	Frequency	Percentage
Professional cadre
MD/Health officer	145	3.8
Midwife	3,193	83.9
Nurse	466	12.3
Work experience in years
< 2	1,710	45.0
2–5	1,623	42.7
> 5	471	12.4
Age in completed years
≤ 25	2,268	59.6
> 25	1,536	40.4
Sex of care provider
Female	2,411	63.4
Male	1,393	36.6
Providers trained in neonatal resuscitation
Yes	3,055	80.3
No	749	19.7

Abbreviation: MD, medical doctor.

Table 2 Health Facilities' Characteristics Among Birth Asphyxiated Babies in Ethiopia

Characteristics	Number	Percent
Facility has a separate newborn corner
Yes	1,038	72.2
No	2,766	27.3
Facility has separate NICU
Yes	192	5.0
No	3,612	95.0
Facility has staff rotation for newborn care services
Yes	1,287	33.8
No	2,517	66.2
Facility type
Hospital	323	8.5
Health centers	3,481	91.5
Operating agency
Government	3,662	96.3
Private	142	3.7
Facility location
Urban	1,497	39.4
Rural	2,307	60.6
Neonatal resuscitation guideline
Yes	2,479	65.2
No	1,325	34.8
Infrastructure components^a, (mean ± SD)		5.4±1.6
Availability of essential equipments^b, (mean ± SD)		6±1.7

Notes: ^aThis is the mean of having the components: Electricity functional at newborn corner room, water at newborn corner room, generator, telephone, radio, ventilation, toilet, light source, fan/air conditioning, waiting area. ^bThis is the mean of having the components: Mucus extractor, neonatal size ambu (ventilator) bag, infant face masks (sizes 0 or 1), towels/blanket or cloth for newborn, newborn resuscitation table, radiant warmer, fetal stethoscope, mucus trap for suction/suction apparatus.

Abbreviations: NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Status of provision of neonatal resuscitation with bag and mask. From 3,804 health facilities assessed, from the neonates who had birth asphyxia randomly one card was selected. Hence 72% of them were practicing neonatal resuscitation with bag and mask 3 months previously to the study.

Table 3 Association Between Health Providers and Health Facility Characteristics on Neonatal Resuscitation, Ethiopia 2016, (N=3,804)

Characteristics	Neonatal Resuscitation, n (%)		OR (95% CI)
	Yes	No	Crude	Adjusted
Professional cadre
MD/HO	92 (63.4)	53 (36.6)	1.12 (0.76,1.65)	NS
Midwife	2,389 (74.8)	804 (25.2)	1.92 1.57,2.35)
Nurse	283 (60.7)	183 (39.3)	1
Provider work experience in years
<2	1,212 (70.9)	498 (29.1)	0.72 (0.56,0.91)	NS
2–5	1,188 (73.2)	435 26.8)	0.80 (0.63,1.02)
>5	364 (77.3)	107 (22.7)	1
Age of provider in completed years
≤ 25	1,629 (71.8)	639 (28.2)	0.90 (0.78,1.04)
>25	1,135 (73.9)	401 (26.1)	1
Sex of care provider
Female	1,753 (72.7)	658 (27.3)	1.01 (0.87,1.17)	NS
Male	1,011 (72.6)	382 (27.4)	1
Facility has separate newborn corner room
No	1,963 (71.0)	803 (29.0)	0.72 (0.61,0.85)	NS
Yes	801 77.2)	237 22.8)	1
Facility has separate NICU room
No	2,586 (71.6)	1,026 (28.4)	0.19 (0.12,0.34)	NS
Yes	178 (92.7)	14 (7.3)	1
Facility has staff rotation for newborn care
No	1,797 (71.4)	720 (28.6)	0.83 (0.71,0.96)	NS
Yes	967 (75.1)	320 (24.9)	1
Facility type
Hospitals	285 (88.2)	38 (11.8)	3.03 (2.14,4.29)	3.9 (2.05,7.49)
Health centers	2,479 (71.2)	1,002 (28.8)	1	1
Facility location
Urban	1,176 (78.6)	321 (21.4)	1.66 (1.43,1.93)	NS
Rural	1,588 (68.8)	719 (31.2)	1
Operating agency
Government	2,669 (72.9)	993 (27.1)	1.33 (0.93,1.90)	NS
Private	95 (66.9)	47 (33.1)	1
Providers trained on neonatal resuscitation
No	493 (65.8)	256 (34.2)	0.67 (0.56,0.79)	0.64 (0.42,0.99)
Yes	2,271 (74.3)	784 (25.7)	1	1
Neonatal resuscitation guideline
No	859 (64.8)	466 (35.2)	0.56 (0.48,0.64)	NS
Yes	1,905 (76.8)	574 (23.2)	1
Infrastructure components			1.40 (1.24,1.58)	NS
Essential equipments items			1.33 (1.27,1.39)	1.32 (1.15,1.51)

Abbreviations: MD, medical doctor; HO, health officer; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; NS, non significant; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.