Torus Palatinus in Taiwan Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis: A Prospective Observational Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Torus palatinus. Intraoral view of the edentulous hemodialysis patient showed a flat torus palatinus (asterisk) along the midline of the hard palate.

Table 1 Baseline Demographics of Patients Receiving Dialysis (n = 575)

Variable	All Patients (n = 575)	Patients with TP (n = 179)	Patients Without TP (n = 396)	P value
Age, year	57.6 ± 14.4	54.6 ±13.4	58.9 ± 14.7	0.001**
Female gender, n (%)	271 (47.1)	108 (60.3)	163 (41.2)	< 0.001***
Dialysis duration, months	89.2 ± 74.5	82.5 ± 72.9	92.3 ± 75.1	0.143
Type of dialysis				0.009**
Hemodialysis, n (%)	441 (76.7)	125 (69.8)	316 (79.8)
Peritoneal dialysis, n (%)	134 (23.3)	54 (30.2)	80 (20.2)
Hypertension, n (%)	311 (54.1)	101 (56.4)	210 (53.0)	0.449
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	185 (32.2)	55 (30.7)	130 (32.8)	0.617
Alcohol consumption, n (%)	32 (5.6)	8 (4.5)	24 (6.1)	0.441
Smoking habit, n (%)	69 (12.0)	17 (9.5)	52 (13.1)	0.214

Notes: **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

Abbreviation: TP, torus palatinus.

Table 2 Patterns of TP in Dialysis Patients (n = 179)

Variable
Size
≥ 2cm, n (%)	80 (44.7)
< 2cm, n (%)	99 (55.3)
Shape
Flat, n (%)	101 (56.4)
Spindle, n (%)	32 (17.9)
Nodular, n (%)	31 (17.3)
Lobular, n (%)	15 (8.4)

Abbreviation: TP, torus palatinus.

Table 3 Molar Relationships in Patients Receiving Dialysis (n = 575)

Variable	All Patients (n=575)	Patients with TP (n=179)	Patients Without TP (n=396)	P value
No, n (%)	280 (48.7)	80 (44.7)	200 (50.5)	0.184
Class I, n (%)	204 (35.5)	75 (14.9)	129 (32.6)
Class II, n (%)	49 (8.5)	13 (7.3)	36 (9.1)
Class III, n (%)	42 (7.0)	11 (6.1)	31 (7.8)

Abbreviation: TP, torus palatinus.

Table 4 Laboratory Findings and Dialysis Parameters in Patients Receiving Dialysis (n = 575)

Variables	All Patients (n = 575)	Patients with TP (n = 179)	Patients Without TP (n = 396)	P value
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL	67.5 ± 19.1	67.9 ± 17.7	67.3 ± 19.6	0.722
Creatinine, mg/dL	11.0 ± 2.7	11.3 ± 2.9	10.8 ± 2.6	0.092
Uric acid, mg/dL	6.8 ± 1.3	7.0 ± 1.3	6.8 ± 1.3	0.068
Sodium, mEq/L	137.5 ± 3.2	137.5 ± 3.2	137.5 ± 3.2	0.847
Potassium, mEq/L	4.5 ± 0.8	4.6 ± 0.8	4.5 ± 0.7	0.517
Calcium, mg/dL	9.6 ± 1.0	9.6 ± 0.9	9.6 ± 1.0	0.746
Phosphate, mg/dL	5.2 ± 1.3	5.5 ± 1.3	5.1 ± 1.4	0.010*
Bicarbonate, mmol/L	21.7 ± 3.5	21.2 ± 3.7	21.1 ± 3.4	0.020*
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	116.0 ± 54.9	114.0 ± 51.2	117.8 ± 56.4	0.446
Albumin, g/dL	3.9 ± 0.3	3.9 ± 0.3	3.9 ± 0.4	0.220
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L	82.3 ± 57.9	80.0 ± 48.2	84.3 ± 61.7	0.229
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	168.5 ± 39.7	176.7 ± 39.0	164.8 ± 39.4	0.001**
High-density lipoprotein, mg/dL	43.3 ± 14.8	42.8 ± 13.9	43.5 ± 15.2	0.561
Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL	111.4 ± 71.6	117.3 ± 67.6	108.7 ± 73.3	0.180
Triglyceride, mg/dL	156.2 ± 132.3	170.2 ± 140.5	149.8 ± 128.0	0.085
White blood cell count, 10^3/uL	6.7 ± 2.2	7.1 ± 2.3	6.6 ± 2.1	0.030*
Red blood cell count, 106/uL	3.6 ± 0.6	3.5 ± 0.5	3.6 ± 0.6	0.313
Hematocrit, %	31.5 ± 3.9	31.2 ± 3.9	31.6 ± 3.9	0.369
Mean corpuscular volume, fL	88.9 ± 7.3	89.9 ± 6.3	88.9 ± 7.8	0.962
Platelet count, 10^3/uL	195.8 ± 69.5	211.3 ± 71.2	188.8 ± 67.6	< 0.001***
Iron, ug/dL	71.5 ± 45.9	76.3 ± 68.1	69.83 ± 31.0	0.092
Total iron binding capacity, ug/dL	261.9 ± 54.1	262.9 ± 54.9	260.6 ± 53.9	0.635
Ferritin, ng/mL	332.3 ± 390.5	314.4 ± 266.2	340.3 ± 435.3	0.463
Residual renal function, mL/min/1.73 m^2	4.6 ± 1.4	4.4 ± 1.3	4.6 ± 1.4	0.012*
Intact parathyroid hormone, pg/mL	350.0 ± 357.0	328.9 ± 340.4	359.6 ± 364.2	0.341
High sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L	8.3 ± 15.4	7.6 ± 11.8	8.7 ± 16.8	0.433
Kt/V	1.9 ± 0.4	1.9 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.4	0.071
Normalized protein catabolic rate, g/kg/day	1.1 ± 0.5	1.1 ± 0.5	1.1 ± 0.4	0.470

Notes: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

Abbreviation: TP, torus palatinus.

Table 5 Logistic Regression Analysis of Risk Factors for TP (n = 575)

Variable	Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis
	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	P value	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	P value
Age (each increase of 1 year)	0.980	0.968–0.992	0.001**	0.982	0.969–0.994	0.005**
Bicarbonate (each increase of 1 mmol/L)	0.945	0.900–0.993	0.026*	0.966	0.917–1.017	0.186
Residual renal function (each increase of 1 mL/min/1.73 m^2)	0.832	0.720–0.962	0.013*	0.921	0.796–1.066	0.269
Female gender (yes)	2.174	1.517–3.117	< 0.001***	2.108	1.455–3.055	< 0.001***
Phosphate (each increase of 1 mg/dL)	1.188	1.042–1.356	0.010*	1.094	0.945–1.266	0.230

Notes: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

Abbreviation: TP, torus palatinus.

Table 6 Comparison of Dialysis Duration Between Patients with TP ≥ 2 Cm and TP < 2 Cm (n =179)

Variable	Patients with TP ≥2 cm (n = 80)	Patients with TP <2 cm (n = 99)	P value
Duration of dialysis, months	94.4 ± 85.9	72.8 ± 59.1	0.048*

Note: *P < 0.05.

Abbreviation: TP, torus palatinus.