Determinants of Anemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinic at Public Health Facilities in Kacha Birra District, Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Pregnant Mothers in Kacha Birra Woreda Health Centers February to May 2019

Variables		Case n=117	Control n=227	Total n=344
Ethnicity	Kambata	96 (82.1)	178 (78.4)	274 (79.7)
	Hadiya	12 (1o.3)	36 (15.9)	48(14.0)
	Wolayita	6 (5.1)	10 (4.4)	16(4.7)
	Other	3 (2.6)*	3 (1.3)*	6(1.7)
Age group	15–19	5 (4.3)	3 (1.3)	8 (2.3)
	20–24	24 (20.5)	49 (21.6)	73(21.2)
	25–29	59 (50.4)	121 (53.3)	180(52.20)
	30–34	22 (18.8)	44 (19.4)	66(19.2)
	>35	7 (6.0)	10 (4.4)	17 (4.9)
Educational status of mother	Un able to read and right	19 (16.2)	36(15.9)	55 (16.0)
	Primary	32(34.5)	92(40.5)	130(37.8)
	Secondary	48 (41.0)	78(34.4)	126(36.6)
	Diploma	9 (7.7)	11 (4.8)	20(5.8)
	1st degree and above	3(2.6)	10 (4.4)	13(3.8)
Educational status of husband	Un able to read and right	9(7.7)	30 (13.2)	39 (11.3)
	Primary	36(30.8)	70(30.8)	106(30.8)
	Secondary	37(31.6)	73(32.2)	110(32.0)
	Diploma	22(18.8)	29(12.8)	51(14.80)
	1st degree and above	13(11.1)	25(11.0)	38(11.0)
Residence	Urban	26 (22.2)	57 (25.1)	83 (24.1)
	Rural	91 (77.8)	170 (74.9)	261(75.9)
Religion of mother	Orthodox	10(8.5)	22 (9.7)	32(9.3)
	Catholic	10 (8.5)	28(12.3)	38(11.0)
	Protestant	97(82.9)	174(76.7)	271(78.9)
	Other	10(4.4)**	3(1.3)**	3(0.9)
Marital status	Single	5(4.3)	9 (4.0)	14(4.1)
	Married	111(94.9)	215(94.7)	326(94.8)
Family size	1–4	24(20.5)	90(39.6)	114(33.1)
	5–7	65(55.6)	98(43.2)	163(47.4)
	≥ 8	28(23.9)	39(17.2)	67(19.5)
Occupational Status of mother	Civil servant	14(12.0)	22(9.7)	36 (10.5)
	Farmer	17(14.5)	16(7.0)	33(9.6)
	Own business runner	3(1.3)	6(2.6)	6(1.7)
	Merchant	21 (17.9)	24(10.6)	45(13.1)
	House wife	61(52.1)	156(68.7)	217(63.1)
	Other	4(3.4)***	3 (1.3)***	7(2.00)
House Hold Wealth index	Poor	65(20.8)	49(24.5)\	114(33.1)
	Medium	77(24.7)	39(19.5)	116(33.7)
	Rich	57(18.3)	57(28.5	11,433.1)

Note: Other*Amhara**advents***student.

Table 2 Obstetrics-Related Characteristics of Pregnant Mothers in Kacha Birra Woreda Health Centers February to May 2019

Variable		Case n=117	Control n= 227	Total n=344
History of abortion	Yes	14 (12.0)	18 (7.9)	63(18.3)
	No	103(88.0)	209(92.1)	281(81.7)
Frequency of abortion	≤ 2times	4 (3.4)	13 (5.7)	30(8.7)
	>2 times	10 (8.5)	5(2.2)	41(11.9)
Mensuration regularity	Yes	105 (89.7)	201 (88.5)	306(89.0)
	No	12(10.3)	26 (11.5)	38(11.0)
Days menstruation lasts	≤ 3 days	7 (6.0)	33 (14.5)	52(15.1)
	4–7 days	94(80.3)	173(76.2)	245(71.2)
	≥ 8days	16(13.7)	21(9.3)	47(13.7)
Mensuration flow rate	Very heavy	15 (12.8)	32 (14.1)	47(13.7)
	Heavy	75 (64.1)	49 (21.6)	124(36.0)
	Moderate	18(15.4)	132 (58.1)	150 (43.6)
	Low	9 (7.7)	14 (6.2)	23(6.7)
History of previous pregnancy	Yes	91(77.8)	162(71.4)	91(26.5)
	No	26(22.2)	65(28.6)	253(73.5)
Birth interval	≤ 2yrs	50 (42.7)	95 (41.9)	149(43.3)
	>2yrs	47(40.2)	88(38.8)	114(33.1)
Use family plan	Yes	85 (72.6)	171 (75.3)	256(74.4)
	No	32(27.4)	56(24.7)	88(25.6)
Years family plan used	Less than 1yr	14 (12.0)	53 (23.3)	67(19.5)
	1–2 yrs	47 (40.2)	79(34.8)	126(36.6)
	3–4yrs	19(16.2)	36(15,9)	55(16.0)
	> 4 yrs	3(2.6)	7(3.1)	10(2.9
Family plan method	Pills	2 (1.7)	13(5.7)	15(4.4)
	Injectable	62(53.0)	125 (55.1)	187(54.4)
	IUCD	__	7(3.1)	7(2.0)
	Implant	21(17.9)	44(19.4)	65(18.9)
Gestational age	1st trimester	18(15.4)	27(11.9)	45(13.1)
	2nd trimester	27(23.1)	90(39.6)	117(34.0)
	3rd trimester	72(61.5)	110(48.5)	182(52.9)

Table 3 Multivariable Logistic Regression Model Predicting Anemia Among Pregnant Mothers Attending ANC in Public Health Facilities of Kacha Birra Woreda February to May 2019

Predictors		Case	Control	COR	AOR	95% C.I		P- value
						Lower	Upper
Age	15–19	5(4.3)	3(1.3)	0.130	3.788	1.545	26.320	<0.001
	20–24	24 (20.5)	49 (21.6)	9.00	4.013	1.081	14.90	0.037*
	25–29	59 (50.4)	121 (53.3)	1.121	0.325	1.089	1.182	0.623
	30–34	22 (8.8)	44 (19.4)	0.769	1.424	0.369	1.182	0.127
	>35	7 (6.0)	10 (4.4)	1.00	1.00
Residence	Urban	26(22.2)	57 (25.1)	1.00	1.00
	Rural	91 (77.8)	170 (74.9)	0.456	2.9	1.18	5.84	<0.001
Menstrual blood flow rate	Very heavy	15(12.5)	32(14.2)	0.469	0.360	3.27	4.813	<0.001
	Heavy	75 (64.1)	49 (21.6)	1.531	2.753	2.66	8.59	0.015*
	Moderate	18(15.4)	132 58.1)	0.136	0.084	0.008	0.872	0.020*
	Normal	9 (7.7)	14 (6.2)	1.00	1.00
Food taboo	Yes	37 (31.6)	76(33.5)	0.487	3.916	2.085	7.356	<0.001
	No	80 (68.4)	151 (66.5)	1.00	1.00
Tea/coffee consumption	Yes	113(96.6)	207 (91.2)	0546	3.6	1.72	7.42	<0.001
	No	4 (3.4)	20 (8.8)	1.00	1.00
DDS	Low	62 (53.0)	127 (55.9)	0.488	4.232	1.232	14.535	<0.001
	Medium	48 (41.0)	80(35.2)	0.600	0.846	1.421	2.961	<0.001
	High	8 (5.1)	18(7.5)	1.00	1.00
Stool examination	No parasite seen	66(56.4)	173(76.2)	1.00	1.00
	Hook worm	14(12.0)	19(8.4)	0.600	0.387	1.104	1.441	0.032*
	Ascaris	20(17.1)	24(10.6)	0.471	6.395	1.226	3.362	0.064
	Schistosoma	10(8.5)	3(1.3)	1.00	0.925	2.216	3.953	0.013*
	Other	7(5.2)	8(3.5)	2.00	0.357	0.31	4.120	1.000

Note: *Shows p-value <0.05, adjusted, 1.00, shows reference category Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p-value=0.289).