Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of literature search.

Table 1 List of Articles

No.	Author	Type of Study	Country	Participants	Number of Participants	Instrument
1	Zhang^Citation13	Cross-sectional survey on KAP	China	Health workers	n = 1357	Questionnaire
2	Moro^Citation14	Cross-sectional study on KA	Italy	Hospital staff	n = 2046	Online questionnaire
3	Taghrir^Citation15	Survey on K	Iran	Medical students	n = 240	Questionnaire
4	Khader^Citation18	Cross-sectional study on A	Jordan	Dentists	n = 368	Online questionnaire
5	Geldsetzer^Citation17	Cross-sectional survey on K	US and UK	Population	US, n = 2986; UK, n = 2988	Online questionnaire
6	Zhong^Citation12	Cross-sectional survey on KAP	China	Residents	n = 6910	Online questionnaire
7	Alzoubi^Citation16	Cross-sectional study on KAP	Jordan	Medical and non-medical students	n = 592	Online self-administered questionnaire
				Total	n = 17,487

Abbreviations: K, knowledge; A, attitude; P, Practice.

Table 2 Knowledge Studies

No.	Author	Country	Participants	Instrument	Knowledge Score	Knowledge Result
1	Zhang^Citation13	China	Health workers	Questionnaire	Doctors (38.56 ± 3.31) Nurses (37.85 ± 2.63) Paramedics (36.72 ± 4.82)	Approximately 89% of health workers obtained sufficient knowledge about COVID-19. Doctors showed higher knowledge scores than nurses and paramedics. The greater the knowledge of healthcare workers, the more confident they were in defeating the virus
2	Moro^Citation14	Italy	Hospital staff	Online questionnaire	Average of correct answers: Healthcare workers = 71.6% Non-healthcare workers = 61.2%	Among healthcare workers, a generally good knowledge on the topic was observed
3	Taghrir^Citation15	Iran	Medical students	Questionnaire	Average of correct answers of knowledge = 86.96%; 79.60% = high level 13.8% = moderate level 6.7% = low level	Iranian medical students had a high level of related knowledge and high performance in preventive behaviors, but moderate risk perception
7	Alzoubi^Citation16	Jordan	Medical and non-medical students	Online self-administered questionnaire	Average score 0.81 ± 0.15 (SD)	The overall understanding about the virus was good and knowledge about the major symptoms, such as fever, cough, and difficulty in breathing
5	Geldsetzer^Citation17	US, UK	Population	Online questionnaire	NA	Participants generally had good knowledge of the main mode of disease transmission and common symptoms of COVID-19
6	Zhong^Citation12	China	Residents	Online questionnaire	Average score 10.8 (SD: 1.6; range: 0–12)	Good knowledge

Table 3 Attitude Studies

No.	Author	Site of Research	Participants	Instrument	Attitude Score	Result
1	Zhang^Citation13	China	Health workers	Questionnaire	NA	This investigation found that knowledge directly affected attitudes. Approximately 85% of the surveyed HCWs were afraid of becoming infected at work. In isolation wards and ICUs, nearly 60% of the respondents showed relatively sufficient or excessive worry about COVID-19
2	Moro^Citation14	Italy	Hospital staff	Online questionnaire	NA	More than 41% suggested avoiding crowded places, and healthcare workers were more aware and correctly answered questions about COVID-19
4	Khader^Citation18	Jordan	Dentists	Online questionnaire	NA	A total of 304 dentists (82.6%) reported that they avoided handling patients suspected with COVID-19; 161 dentists (43.8%) mentioned that they preferred that patients visit the hospital and opt not to treat them, 17 dentists (4.6%) cited that they will refuse to treat patients with COVID-19 symptoms and order them to leave the clinic, and 182 dentists (49.5%) agree that they will treat such patients and advise them to visit the hospital afterward
7	Alzoubi^Citation16	Jordan	Medical and non-medical students	Online self-administered questionnaire	Average score 0.82 ± 0.07 (SD)	Overall high level of attitude. Nearly all participants (99.7%) agreed that hand-washing is necessary for personal hygiene to prevent infection, and approximately 68.4% considered mask wearing as effective
6	Zhong^Citation12	China	Residents	Online questionnaire	NA	The vast majority of the participants also held an optimistic attitude toward the COVID-19 epidemic

Table 4 Studies on Practice

No.	Author	Country	Participants	Instrument	Practice Score	Result
1	Zhang^Citation13	China	Health workers	Questionnaire	NA	A total of 89.7% of the surveyed healthcare workers followed correct practices regarding COVID-19, consistent with research showing that practices are associated with work experience, work hours, and other factors
7	Alzoubi^Citation16	Jordan	Medical and non-medical students	Online self-administered questionnaire	Average score 0.78 ± 0.2 (SD)	Overall high levels of attitude and good practice toward preventive measures and responses if infected with COVID-19
6	Zhong^Citation12	China	Residents	Online questionnaire	NA	Most Chinese residents practice appropriate measures to prevent COVID-19

Zhang M, Zhou M, Tang F, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 among health care workers in Henan, China. J Hosp Infect. 2020;105(2):183–187. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.012

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Moro M, Pietro VG, Capraro M, et al. 2019-novel coronavirus survey: knowledge and attitudes of hospital staff of a large Italian teaching hospital. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(11):29–34. doi:10.23750/abm.v91i3-S.9419

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Taghrir MH, Borazjani R, Shiraly R. COVID-19 and Iranian medical students; a survey on their related-knowledge, preventive behaviors and risk perception. Arch Iran Med. 2020;23(4):249–254. doi:10.34172/aim.2020.06

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Khader Y, Al Nsour M, Al-batayneh OB, et al. Dentists’ awareness, perception, and attitude regarding COVID-19 and infection control: cross-sectional study among jordanian dentists. JMIR PUBLIC Heal Surveill. 2020;6:2. doi:10.2196/18798

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Geldsetzer P. Use of rapid online surveys to assess people ’ s perceptions during infectious disease outbreaks: a cross-sectional survey on COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(4):1–19. doi:10.2196/18790

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Zhong B, Luo W, Li H, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1745–1752. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45221

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Alzoubi H, Alnawaiseh N, Lubad MA, Aqel A, Al-Shagahin H. COVID-19 - knowledge, attitude and practice among medical and non-medical university students in Jordan. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14(1):17–24. doi:10.22207/JPAM.14.1.04

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