Physical Activity and Outdoor Leisure Time Physical Exercise: A Population Study of Correlates and Hindrances in a Resource-Constrained African Setting

Figures & data

Table 1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents

Characteristic	Number	Percentage (%)
Gender
Female	3876	58.5
Male	2752	41.5
Residence
Urban	4630	69.9
Rural	1998	30.1
Age distribution (years)
≤40	4380	66.1
>40	2248	33.9
Marital status
Single	3374	50.9
Married	3041	45.9
Divorced	22	0.3
Separated	23	0.3
Widowed	168	2.5
Education
No university education	5482	82.7
University education	1146	17.3
Income class
Upper	644	9.7
Middle	1745	26.3
Lower	2187	33.0
University community	53	0.8

Table 2 Predictors of Physical Activity (Binary Logistic Regression)

Predictor	AOR	95% Confidence Interval		p-value
		Lower	Upper
Age	0.993*	0.988	0.998	0.008
Male gender	0.979	0.864	1.109	0.735
Urban residence	0.477*	0.410	0.555	<0.001
Income-class ^a				0.061
Low-income class	1.164	0.930	1.458	0.184
Middle-income class	0.914	0.729	1.146	0.436
Years of education	1.020	1.000	1.040	0.050
Constant	2.547			0.000

Notes: ^a reference category: upper-income class. *Significant, ie, p < 0.05.

Abbreviation: AOR, adjusted odds ratio.

Table 3 Effect of Physical Inactivity on Obesity and Overweight (Multinomial Regression)

BMI Category ^a	Variable	AOR	95% Confidence Interval		p-value
			Lower	Upper
Obese	Intercept				<0.001
	Physically inactive	1.428*	1.190	1.714	<0.001
	Physically active ^b
	Male gender	0.318*	0.257	0.393	<0.001
	Female gender ^b
	Urban residence	2.421*	1.927	3.043	<0.001
	Rural residence ^b
	≤40 years of age	0.343*	0.285	0.413	<0.001
	>40 years of age ^b
Overweight	Intercept				<0.001
	Physically inactive	1.231*	1.089	1.391	0.001
	Physically active ^b
	Male gender	0.762*	0.674	0.860	<0.001
	Female gender ^b
	Urban residence	1.724*	1.494	1.988	<0.001
	Rural residence ^b
	≤40 years of age	0.725*	0.638	0.825	<0.001
	>40 years of age ^b
Underweight	Intercept				<0.001
	Physically inactive	1.022	0.829	1.261	0.837
	Physically active ^b
	Male gender	1.186	0.973	1.447	0.092
	Female gender ^b
	Urban residence	0.517*	0.420	0.635	<0.001
	Rural residence ^b
	≤40 years of age	0.900	0.728	1.112	0.327
	>40 years of age ^b

Notes: ^aReference category for BMI class is normal weight. ^bReference category for predictor variable; *Significant (ie, p < 0.05).

Table 4 Predictors of Outdoor Leisure-Time Physical Exercise (Binary Logistic Regression)

Predictor	AOR	95% Confidence Interval		p-value
		Lower	Upper
≤40 years of age	1.367*	1.095	1.707	0.006
Male gender	1.225	0.991	1.514	0.061
Urban residence	2.989*	2.114	4.227	<0.001
Income-class ^a
Low-income class	0.536*	0.367	0.782	0.001
Middle-income class	0.535*	0.394	0.727	<0.001
University education	3.107*	2.237	4.315	<0.001

Notes: ^aReference category for income class = high-income class. *Significant (p<0.05).

Table 5 Hindrances to Outdoor Leisure Time Outdoor Physical Exercises in Urban and Rural Areas

Hindrance	Urban Residents, N= 4630	Rural Residents, N= 1998	P-value
No reason	1183 (25.6%)	705 (35.3%)	<0.001
Not hindered	969 (20.9%)	127 (6.4%)	<0.001
Lack of time	846 (18.3%)	582 (29.1%)	<0.001
Fear of criminals	468 (10.1%)	23 (1.2%)	<0.001
Fear of traffic	391 (8.4%)	8 (0.4%)	<0.001
In-door exercise	373 (8.1%)	62 (3.1%)	<0.001
Lack of interest	345 (7.5%)	462 (23.1%)	<0.001
Disability	45 (1.0%)	24 (1.2%)	0.429
Ill-Health	10 (0.2%)	5 (0.3%)	1.000