A Case–Control Study of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis in Saudi Arabian Adults

Figures & data

Table 1 General Health Conditions and Their Relationship with Periodontitis (N= 498)

General Health Conditions	Cases (N=166) n (%)	Controls (N=332) n (%)	Total n (%)	p-value
T2DM	48(28.9)	19(5.7)	67(13.4)	<0.001*
T1DM	1(0.6)	0(0)	1(0.2)	0.333^†
Hypertension	8(4.8)	2(0.6)	10(2.0)	0.003*^†
Hypotension	0(0)	2(0.6)	2(0.4)	0.555^†
Asthma	5(3.0)	13(3.9)	18(3.6)	0.611
Pregnancy	0(0)	2(0.6)	2(0.4)	0.555^†
Epilepsy	1(0.6)	0(0)	1(0.2)	0.333^†
Arthritis	3(1.8)	5(2.7)	8(1.6)	1.000^†
Allergies	1(0.6)	9(2.7)	10(2)	0.176^†
Thyroid disorders	1(0.6)	0(0)	1(0.2)	0.333^†
Bronchitis	1(0.6)	3(0.9)	4(0.8)	1.000^†

Notes: *Statistically significant (p<0.05), † Fishers’ test.

Table 2 Relationship of Oral Hygiene Practice and Substance Use with Periodontitis (N= 498)

Habits	Cases (N=166) n (%)	Controls (N=332) n (%)	Total n (%)	p-value
Cigarette^a	27(16.2)	27(8.1)	54(10.8)	0.006*
Khat/qat^a	20(12.0)	15(4.5)	35(7.0)	0.002*
Sheesha^a	1(0.6)	1(0.3)	2(0.4)	1.000^†
Shammah^a	1(0.6)	0(0)	1(0.2)	0.333^†
Brushing once a day or less^$	65(39.1)	38(11.4)	103(20.6)	<0.001*

Notes: *Statistically significant (p<0.05), †Fishers’ test, ^$Reference category: brushing twice a day, ^aEver-users vs never-users.

Table 3 Binary and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Demonstrating the Effect Various Exposure Variables on Periodontal Status (N= 498)

Risk Factors	Crude			Adjusted^†
	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
T2DM	6.701	(3.783–11.872)	<0.001*	2.779	(1.425–5.419)	0.003*
Hypertension	8.354	(2–39.799)	0.003*	3.279	(0.507–21.191)	0.212
Arthritis	1.204	(0.284–5.099)	1.000	0.459	(0.095–2.230)	0.334
Allergies	0.218	(0.027–1.731)	0.176	0.268	(0.029–2.474)	0.245
Cigarette	2.194	(1.241–3.880)	0.006*	2.088	(1.013–4.305)	0.046*
Khat/qat	2.895	(1.441–5.816)	0.002*	2.206	(0.922–5.279)	0.075
Brushing once a day^$	4.979	(3.144–7.885)	0.000*	5.630	(3.514–9.021)	<0.001*

Notes: *Statistically significant (p<0.05); †Adjusted for asthma, bronchitis, and sheesha; ^$Reference category: brushing twice a day.

Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.