The Magnitude of Hematological Abnormalities Among COVID-19 Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Admitted COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Referral Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n=334)

Variable	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Sex
Male	203	62.3
Female	126	37.7
Age group (yrs.)
18–35	88	26.3
36–55	119	35.6
≥56	127	38
Mean age (±SD)	49.4 (17.2)
Disease Severity
Moderate	233	69.8
Severe	60	18
Critical	41	12.3

Table 2 The Magnitude of Hematological Abnormalities Among COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Referral Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n=334)

Hematological Abnormalities	Frequency (%)
Any cytopenia	137 (41)
Anemia	83 (24.9)
Leukopenia	18 (5.4)
Thrombocytopenia	72 (21.6)
Leukocytosis	99 (29.6)
Neutrophilia	167 (50)
Lymphopenia	241 (72.2)
Lymphopenia-Neutrophilia	29 (8.7)
Pancytopenia	6 (1.8)
Bi-cytopenia
Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia	16 (4.8)
Leukopenia and anemia	7 (2.1)
Anemia and thrombocytopenia	22 (6.6)
Anemia severity
Mild	42 (12.57)
Moderate	37 (11.1)
Severe	4 (1.2)

Table 3 The Association of Any Cytopenia and Pancytopenia with Disease Severity, Age, and Sex Among COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Referral Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n=334)

Variables	Any Cytopenia				Pancytopenia
	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	OR (95 CI)	P-value	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age group (yrs.)
18–35	45 (51.1)	43 (48.9)	1		86 (97.7)	2 (2.3)	1
36–55	81 (68.1)	38 (31.9)	0.49 (0.28–0.86)	0.014	117 (98.3)	2 (1.7)	0.8 (0.1–5.6)	0.78
≥56	71 (55.9)	56 (44.1)	0.81 (0.46–1.41)	0.45	125 (98.4)	2 (1.6)	0.65 (0.1–5.0)	0.57
Sex
Female	74 (58.7)	52 (41.3)	1.0 (0.63–1.58)	0.99	123 (97.6)	3 (2.4)	1.6 (0.32–8.5)	0.56
Male	123 (59.1)	85 (40.9)	1		205 (98.6)	3 (1.4)	1
Severity
Moderate	141 (60.5)	92 (39.5)	1		228 (97.9)	5 (2.1)	1
Severe	34 (56.7)	26 (43.3)	1.17 (0.65–2.09)	0.6	60 (100)	0	0	0.997
Critical	22 (53.7)	19 (46.3)	1.3 (0.66–2.59)	0.44	40 (97.6)	1 (2.4)	1.2 (0.1–11)	0.85

Table 4 The Association of Anemia with Disease Severity, Age, and Sex Among COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Referral Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n=334)

Variables	Anemia
	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age-groups (yrs.)
18–35	63 (71.6)	25 (28.4)	1
36–55	96 (80.7)	23 (19.3)	0.59 (0.31–1.15)	0.12
≥56	92 (72.4)	35 (27.6)	0.92 (0.49–1.74)	0.80
Sex
Female	98 (77.8)	28 (22.2)	0.77 (0.45–1.31)	0.34
Male	153 (73.6)	55 (26.4)	1
Severity
Moderate	186 (79.8)	47 (20.2)	1
Severe	38 (63.3)	22 (36.7)	2.35 (1.26–4.37)	0.007
Critical	27 (65.9)	14 (34.1)	2.0 (0.96–4.19)	0.063

Table 5 The Association of Lymphopenia with Disease Severity, Age, and Sex Among COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Referral Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n=334)

Variables	Lymphopenia
	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age-groups (yrs.)
18–35	26 (29.5)	62 (70.5)
36–55	40 (33.6)	79 (66.4)	0.8 (0.44–1.5)	0.47
≥56	27 (21.3)	100 (78.7)	1.5 (0.77–2.76)	0.25
Sex
Female	42 (33.3)	84 (66.7)	0.7 (0.41–1.1)	0.11
Male	51 (24.5)	157 (75.5)	1
Severity
Moderate	62 (26.6)	171 (73.4)	1
Severe	21 (35.0)	39 (65.0)	0.7 (0.38–1.3)	0.26
Critical	10 (24.2)	31 (75.6)	1.0 (0.46–2.2)	0.98

Table 6 The Association of Thrombocytopenia with Disease Severity, Age, and Sex Among COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Referral Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (n=334)

Variables	Thrombocytopenia
	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age groups (yrs.)
18–35	67 (76.1)	21 (23.9)	1
36–55	96 (80.7)	23 (19.3)	0.76 (0.4–1.5)	0.43
≥56	99 (78)	28 (22)	0.87 (0.45–1.7)	0.68
Sex
Female	95 (75.4)	31 (24.6)	1.3 (0.79–2.3)	0.28
Male	167 (80.3)	41 (19.7)	1
Severity
Moderate	182 (76.8)	55 (23.2)	1
Severe and critical	88 (83.8)	17 (16.2)	0.64 (0.35–1.16)	0.144

Table 7 The Association of Leukopenia with Disease Severity, Age, and Sex Among COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Referral Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n=334)

Variables	Leukopenia
	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age groups (yrs.)
18–35	79 (89.8)	9 (10.2)	1
36–55	113 (95)	6 (5)	0.5 (0.16–1.47)	0.2
≥56	124 (97.6)	3 (2.4)	0.23 (0.06–0.89)	0.03
Sex
Female	116 (92.1)	10 (7.2)	2 (0.72–5.2)	0.19
Male	200 (96.2)	8 (3.8)	1
Severity
Moderate	216 (92.7)	17 (7.3)	1
Severe	60 (100)	0	0	0.99
Critical	40 (97.6)	1 (2.4)	0.4 (0.05–3.24)	0.39

Table 8 Association of Combined Lymphopenia-Neutrophilia with Disease Severity, Age, and Sex Among COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Referral Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n=334)

Variables	Lymphopenia-Neutrophilia
	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age-groups (yrs.)
18–35	80 (90.9)	8 (9.1)	1
36–55	108 (90.8)	11 (9.2)	1.03 (0.39–2.76)	0.94
≥56	117 (92.1)	10 (7.9)	0.82 (0.3–2.3)	0.71
Sex
Female	116 (92.1)	10 (7.9)	0.8 (0.36–1.8)	0.61
Male	189 (90.9)	19 (9.1)	1
Severity
Moderate	221 (94.8)	12 (5.2)	1
Severe	49 (81.7)	11 (18.3)	4.1 (1.7–9.9)	0.002
Critical	35 (85.4)	6 (14.6)	3.3 (1.1–9.7)	0.027

Table 9 Association of Leukocytosis with Disease Severity, Age, and Sex Among COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n=334)

Variables	Leukocytosis
	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age-groups (yrs.)
18–35	69 (78.4)	19 (21.6)	1
36–55	89 (74.8)	30 (25.2)	1.2 (0.6–2.4)	0.5
≥56	77 (60.6)	50 (39.4)	2.3 (1.2–4.4)	0.011
Sex
Female	93 (73.8)	33 (26.2)	0.77 (0.5–1.3)	0.31
Male	142 (68.3)	66 (31.7)	1
Severity
Moderate	178 (76.4)	55 (23.6)	1
Severe	35 (58.3)	25 (41.7)	2.6 (1.4–4.8)	0.002
Critical	22 (53.7)	19 (46.3)	2.4 (1.2–4.8)	0.015

Table 10 Association of Neutrophilia with Disease Severity, Age, and Sex Among COVID-19 Patients in Millennium COVID-19 Referral Treatment Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Variables	Neutrophilia
	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age-groups (yrs.)
18–35	55 (62.5)	23 (37.5)	1
36–55	63 (52.9)	56 (47.1)	1.5 (0.82–2.6)	0.2
≥56	49 (38.6)	78 (61.4)	2.5 (1.4–4.5)	0.002
Sex
Female	75 (59.5)	51 (40.5)	0.5 (0.3–0.84)	0.007
Male	92 (44.2)	116 (55.8)	1
Severity
Moderate	134 (57.5)	99 (42.5)	1
Severe	22 (36.7)	38 (63.3)	2.7 (1.5–4.9)	0.001
Critical	11 (26.8)	30 (73.2)	3.3 (1.5–7.0)	0.02