Effects of the Older Family Network Program on Improving Quality of Life Among Older Adults in Thailand

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics

Variable	Intervention Group n (%)	Comparison Group n (%)	p-value
Age (years) (Mean ± SD)	68.13±5.913	68.76±5.932	0.630^a
Gender
Female	43 (78.18%)	41 (74.55%)	0.823^a
Male	12 (21.82%)	14 (25.45%)
Education
Primary school	36 (65.5%)	38 (69.1%)	0.684^a
Secondary school and higher	19 (34.5%)	17 (32.7%)
Marital status
Single	10 (18.2%)	7 (12.7%)	0.709^a
Married	27 (49.1%)	30 (54.5%)
Divorced/Widowed	18 (32.7%)	18 (32.7%)
Income sufficiency
Sufficient & saving	10 (18.2%)	5 (9.1%)	0.587^a
Sufficient without saving	19 (34.5%)	21 (38.2%)
Insufficient	8 (14.5%)	9 (16.4%)
Insufficient and poverty	18 (32.7%)	20 (36.4%)
Major source of income
Couple	5 (9.1%)	6 (10.9%)	0.947^a
Son	10 (18.2%)	11 (20.0%)
Daughter	16 (29.1%)	17 (30.9%)
Pension	24 (43.6%)	21 (38.2%)
Career when sick
Couple	11 (20.0%)	15 (27.3)	0.333^a
Son	11 (20.0%)	5 (9.1%)
Daughter	23 (41.8%)	27 (49.1%)
Other such as grandchild, relative	10 (18.2%)	8 (14.5%)
General supporter
Couple	15 (27.3%)	12 (21.8%)	0.808^a
Son	7 (12.7%)	10 (18.2%)
Daughter	28 (50.9%)	27 (49.1%)
Other such as grandchild, relative	5 (9.1%)	6 (10.9%)
Consultant during emotional problem
Couple	12 (21.8%)	11 (20.0%)	0.870^b
Son	15 (27.3%)	19 (34.5%)
Daughter	24 (43.6%)	21 (38.2%)
Other such as grandchild, relative	4 (7.3%)	4 (7.3%)
Satisfaction with caring by family member
Good	26 (47.3%)	29 (52.7%)	0.492^a
Fair	17 (30.9%)	20 (36.4%)
Poor	12 (21.8)	6 (14.5%)

Notes: ^aChi-squared test, ^bFisher’s exact test; significance level p< 0.05.

Table 2 Outcome of Aging Family Network Program at Each Follow-Up

Variables	Outcomes
	Baseline	Follow-Up 1	Follow-Up 2	p-value
Intervention group
Quality of life (QOL)	78.20 ± 9.86	81.65 ± 9.35	85.62 ± 7.66	<0.001*
Sensory Ability (SAB)	11.76 ± 3.56	12.38 ± 4.80	12.67 ± 3.07	0.448
Autonomy (AUT)	13.33 ± 2.27	13.47 ± 2.16	13.89 ± 2.00	0.151
Past-Present-Future Activity (PPF)	12.65 ± 2.53	13.49 ± 2.32	14.25 ± 2.00	<0.001*
Social participation SOP	13.24 ± 2.20	13.80 ± 2.05	14.56 ± 1.87	0.003*
Death & Dying (DAD)	13.44 ± 3.76	13.49 ± 3.74	13.49 ± 2.97	0.996
Intimacy (INT)	13.78 ± 2.71	14.93 ± 2.42	16.73 ± 1.53	<0.001*
Geriatric Depression GDS	11.20 ± 4.40	10.09 ± 4.06	10.05 ± 4.36	0.290
Social Support (SS)	34.11 ± 6.95	32.18 ± 6.95	45.22 ± 8.94	<0.001*
Family Relationship (REL)	42.29 ± 6.12	47.95 ± 4.94	50.33 ± 3.99	<0.001*
Perception of Health Care (PHC)	24.15 ± 5.36	29.29 ± 4.89	32.82 ± 4.27	<0.001*
Comparison group
Quality of life (QOL)	75.06 ± 9.49	77.57 ± 12.11	76.13 ± 9.18	0.330
Sensory ability (SAB)	11.15 ± 3.00	11.20 ± 2.97	11.33 ± 2.84	0.895
Autonomy (AUT)	12.78 ± 2.04	12.78 ± 2.04	12.87 ± 2.16	0.958
Past-Present-Future Activity (PPF)	12.71 ± 2.32	13.22 ± 2.18	12.78 ± 2.18	0.308
Social participation (SOP)	12.21 ± 2.18	12.70 ± 2.30	12.95 ± 2.47	0.184
Death & Dying (DAD)	12.15 ± 3.30	12.49 ± 3.48	13.31 ± 3.20	0.177
Intimacy (INT)	13.89 ± 2.69	13.98 ± 2.59	12.89 ± 1.93	0.027*
Geriatric Depression (GDS)	11.65 ± 4.46	10.98 ± 4.51	8.69 ± 4.02	0.001*
Social Support (SS)	40.15 ± 5.99	35.60 ± 6.38	36.87 ± 6.05	0.001*
Family Relationship (REL)	41.24 ± 5.82	43.38 ± 5.71	46.36 ± 8.16	0.001*
Perception of Health Care (PHC)	24.82 ± 6.16	26.67 ± 5.69	28.56 ± 5.36	0.001*

Note: *p-value < 0.05.

Table 3 Effects of the Intervention at Follow-Ups I and II Using Linear Mixed Model Analysis with Unadjusted Values

Outcomes	Follow-Up I			Follow-Up II
	EMC	95% CI	p-value	EMC	95% CI	p-value
QOL	4.37	0.233–8.51	0.039*	13.61	5.80–21.44	0.001*
SAB	1.18	− 0.65–3.01	0.204	1.64	−1.07–4.34	0.233
AUT	0.29	0.05–0.53	0.016*	1.04	− 0.98–3.05	0.311
SOP	0.66	− 1.09–2.41	0.457	1.95	0.21–3.68	0.029*
PPF	1.16	0.41–1.91	0.003*	3.13	1.28–4.97	0.001*
DAD	− 0.24	− 3.22–2.75	0.876	− 1.06	− 3.88–1.77	0.461
INT	2.20	0.24–4.16	0.028*	6.89	4.81–8.97	<0.001*
GDS	− 1.55	− 4.80–1.71	0.349	0.67	− 3.16–4.51	0.729
PHC	8.44	6.82–10.05	<0.001*	13.60	11.75–15.45	<0.001*
SS	8.65	6.91–10.40	<0.001*	17.53	13.19–21.87	<0.001*
REL	9.16	7.28–11.05	<0.001*	10.95	7.50–14.40	<0.001*

Note: *p-value <0.05.

Abbreviations: QOL, quality of life; SAB, sensory ability; AUT, autonomy; SOP, social participation; PPF, past-present-future activity; DAD, death & dying; INT, intimacy; GDS, geriatric depression; REL, family relationship; SS, social support; PHC, Perception of Health Care.

Table 4 Effects of the Intervention at Follow-Ups I and II Using Linear Mixed Model Analysis with Adjusted Values

Outcomes	Follow-Up I			Follow-Up II
	EMC	95% CI	p-value	EMC	95% CI	p-value
QOL	11.30	− 4.68–27.27	0.164	67.88	39.05–96.70	<0.001*
SAB	5.08	− 2.11–12.26	0.164	17.87	7.74–28.01	0.001*
AUT	0.64	− 0.27–1.55	0.166	0.61	− 7.31–8.53	0.879
SOP	2.72	− 4.54–9.98	0.459	9.13	2.45–15.78	0.008*
PPF	1.80	− 1.08–4.68	0.217	15.92	9.14–22.70	<0.001*
DAD	− 0.93	− 12.52–10.67	0.875	− 2.23	− 13.17–8.71	0.687
INT	2.65	− 4.98–10.28	0.492	26.49	19.31–33.67	<0.001*
GDS	−1.31	− 13.99–11.37	0.838	23.26	8.97–37.54	0.002*
SS	11.66	5.05–18.27	0.001*	21.85	4.70–38.99	0.013*
REL	3.18	− 4.09 −10.45	0.387	5.24	−8.32–18.80	0.445
PHC	7.75	1.50–13.99	0.016*	14.91	8.08–21.73	<0.001*

Note: *p-value <0.05.

Abbreviations: QOL, quality of life; SAB, sensory ability; AUT, autonomy; SOP, social participation; PPF, past-present-future activity; DAD, death & dying; INT, intimacy; GDS, geriatric depression; REL, family relationship; SS, social support; PHC, perception of health care.