Health Science Students’ Perspective on Quality-of-Care-Relating Medical Professionalism

Figures & data

Figure 1 Ranking of professional attributes against the important level perceived by the students of Medicine and Traditional medicine and their relation to Quality of Care (QOC).

Table 1 Age, Grade Point Average, Gender and Faculties of Education

	Mean ± SD	Min – Max
Age	23.9 ± 0.8	22–28
GPA	2.84 ± 0.36	0–3.37
	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Gender
Male	881	43.2
Female	1158	56.7
Medicine
Female	684	49.5
Male	713	50.5
Traditional Medicine
Female	449	70.6
Male	193	29.4
Faculties
Medicine	1397	68.5
Traditional Medicine	642	31.5

Figure 2 Confirm factor analysis for Professional attributes Vietnamese students of Traditional medicine (N=642).

Notes: Oval, Endogenous variable; Value in oval, Standardized variance; Rectangle, Exogenous variables; Value in rectangle, intercept; random errors; Value on one-way arrows are standardized factor loading; Value on two-way arrows show covariances.

Table 2 Goodness-of-Fit Summary of Traditional Medicine Students’ Perception Based on Maximum Likelihood (ML), Robust Estimation

Fit Statistic		Expected Value
Likelihood ratio test for model vs saturated comparison
χ^2(215)	1061.0
p-value	<0.001	>0.05
Likelihood ratio test for baseline vs saturated comparison
χ^2(253)	13,803.0
p-value	<0.001	>0.05
Population error
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)	0.078	<0.08
RMSEA 90% CI, lower bound	0.074
RMSEA 90% CI, upper bound	0.083	<0.1
Probability RMSEA ≤ 0.05	<0.001
Baseline comparison
Comparative fit index (CFI)	0.938	>0.9
Tucker-Lewis index (TLI)	0.927	Close to 1
Size of residuals
Standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR)	0.034	<0.08
Coefficient of determination (CD)	0.993	Close to 1

Table 3 Mean Scores of Each Items Under 4 QOC-Relating Professional Attributes in Vietnamese Medical Professionalism Questionnaire

	Items (n=2039)		M ± SD	Min-Max
Factor2	Social duty		4.21 ± 0.62*	2–5
13	Commitment to improving access to care		4.19 ± 0.75	2–5
12	Being accountable to society for addressing the health needs of the public		4.13 ± 0.76	2–5
5	Volunteering one’s skills and expertise for the welfare of the community		4.04 ± 0.83	1–5
23	Advocating the best possible care regardless of ability to pay		4.33 ± 0.72	2–5
11	A conscientious to exceed ordinary expectations		4.22 ± 0.76	1–5
24	Caring, compassion, empathy		4.22 ± 0.76	1–5
Factor3	Professional habit		4.28 ± 0.56*	1.25–5
8	Address, decorum, and etiquette		4.49 ± 0.69	1–5
9	Being culture sensitive		4.43 ± 0.71	1–5
6	Dress properly		4.39 ± 0.76	1–5
3	Seeking active roles in professional organizations		3.92 ± 0.86	1–5
Factor4	Quality of care		4.34 ± 0.62*	2–5
32	Being accountable to their patients for fulfilling the implied contract governing the patient/physician relationship		4.40 ± 0.71	2–5
30	Respect patients and their families, commitment to patient confidentiality
28	Masterly communications and expression, being able to listen		4.19 ± 0.74	1–5
26	Being capable to provide best health care		4.34 ± 0.72	2–5
15	A conscientious to make a commitment to life-long learning		4.34 ± 0.75	2–5
Factor6	Self-awareness of one’s limitation*		4.44 ± 0.66*	1–5
21	Awareness of their limitations		4.42 ± 0.65	1–5
31	Prudence		4.44 ± 0.68	1–5

Note: *Overall mean scores of each factor.

Table 4 Mean Scores of Professional Attributes Across Academic Years and Between Two Faculties

	Medicine		Traditional Medicine		P	T	df
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Year 1	n=257		n=159
Social duty	4.05	0.72	4.27	0.62	0.002	−3.122	414
Professional habit	4.09	0.74	0.35	0.62	<0.001	3.783	414
Quality of care	4.22	0.72	4.34	0.66	0.075	1.788	414
Self-awareness	4.38	0.77	4.42	0.67	0.534	0.577	414
Overall	4.14	0.68	4.34	0.60	0.003	2.981	414
Year 2	n=247		n=111
Social duty	4.31	0.54	4.09	0.56	<0.001	−3.528	356
Professional habit	4.33	0.59	4.20	0.60	0.054	−1.937	356
Quality of care	4.46	0.52	4.24	0.61	<0.001	−3.633	356
Self-awareness	4.55	0.54	4.34	0.63	0.002	−3.121	356
Overall	4.40	0.50	4.20	0.56	0.001	−3.335	356
Year 3	n=142		n=60
Social duty	4.01	0.66	4.18	0.59	0.084	1.735	200
Professional habit	4.09	0.68	4.20	0.63	0.316	1.005	200
Quality of care	4.11	0.67	4.28	0.62	0.086	1.726	200
Self-awareness	4.19	0.73	4.46	0.69	0.015	2.454	200
Overall	4.09	0.64	4.25	0.58	0.095	1.677	200
Year 4	n=176		n=192
Social duty	4.11	0.59	4.09	0.63	0.782	−0.277	366
Professional habit	4.23	0.59	4.14	0.68	0.153	−1.432	366
Quality of care	4.27	0.61	4.20	0.65	0.268	−1.110	366
Self-awareness	4.38	0.63	4.29	0.71	0.205	−1.270	366
Overall	4.23	0.53	4.17	0.62	0.332	−0.971	366
Year 5	n=278		n=38
Social duty	4.20	0.56	4.18	0.50	0.866	−0.169	314
Professional habit	4.32	0.57	4.34	0.53	0.858	0.180	314
Quality of care	4.38	0.55	4.23	0.49	0.116	−1576	314
Self-awareness	4.45	0.58	4.50	0.48	0.612	0.508	314
Overall	4.32	0.51	4.30	0.46	0.795	−0.260	314
Year 6	n=297		n=82
Social duty	4.15	0.58	4.17	0.69	0.789	0.267	377
Professional habit	4.35	0.56	4.17	0.74	0.023	−2.284	377
Quality of care	4.41	0.56	4.28	0.67	0.072	−1.805	377
Self-awareness	4.57	0.60	4.43	0.72	0.090	−1.699	377
Overall	4.33	0.50	4.24	0.66	0.167	−1.385	377

Table 5 Differences in Medical Students’ Perception on Self-Awareness Across Academic Years

		Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4	Year 5
Medicine	Year 1
Self-awareness
	Year 2	0.003
	Year 3	0.005	<0.001
	Year 4	0.898	0.010	0.009
	Year 5	0.181	0.084	<0.001	0.284
	Year 6	0.001	0.729	<0.001	0.003	0.030