Effects of Changes in Physical Activity with Cognitive Decline in Korean Home-Dwelling Older Adults

Figures & data

Table 1 General Characteristics and Health-Related Characteristics According to the Physical Activity Group at Baseline (N = 1733)

Variable	Category	Total (n = 1733)	Inactivity (n = 989)	Low Activity (n = 98)	High Activity (n = 646)	t/x^2/F (p)
Gender	Male	878 (50.7)	438 (44.3)	46 (46.9)	394 (61.0)	44.20 (<0.001)
	Female	855 (49.3)	551 (55.7)	52 (53.1)	252 (39.0)
Age	M±SD	71.63±5.11	71.81±5.14	71.56±5.35	71.38±5.02	1.38 (0.252) 3.65 (0.161)
	65–74	1283 (74.0)	716 (72.4)	72 (73.5)	495 (76.6)
	75-	450 (26.0)	273 (27.6)	26 (26.5)	151 (23.4)
Spouse	Yes	1331 (76.8)	734 (74.2)	75 (76.5)	522 (80.8)	9.53 (0.009)
	No	402 (23.2)	255 (25.8)	23 (23.5)	124 (19.2)
Living arrangement	Alone	1493 (86.2)	151 (15.3)	12 (12.2)	77 (11.9)	3.90 (0.143)
	Other	240 (13.8)	838 (84.7)	86 (87.8)	569 (88.1)
Education level	University	170 (9.8)	55 (5.6)	13 (13.3)	102 (15.8)	144.19 (<0.001)
	High school	365 (21.1)	151 (15.3)	25 (25.5)	189 (29.3)
	Middle school	296 (17.1)	156 (15.8)	13 (13.3)	127 (19.7)
	Elementary	902 (52.0)	627 (63.4)	47 (48.0)	228 (35.3)
Number of social activity participation	None	346 (20.0)	235 (23.8)	15 (15.3)	96 (14.9)	54.50 (<0.001)
	1	1042 (60.1)	612 (61.9)	60 (61.2)	370 (57.3)
	2 or more	345 (19.9)	142 (14.4)	23 (23.5)	180 (27.9)
Smoking	Non-smoker	1165 (67.2)	692 (70.0)	61 (62.2)	412 (63.8)	20.13 (<0.001)
	Ex-smoker	340 (19.6)	158 (16.0)	23 (23.5)	159 (24.6)
	Current smoker	228 (13.2)	139 (14.1)	14 (14.3)	75 (11.6)
Drinking	Non-drinker	891 (51.4)	563 (56.9)	49 (50.0)	279 (43.2)	29.95 (<0.001)
	Ex-drinker	261 (15.1)	131 (13.2)	17 (17.3)	113 (17.5)
	Current drinker	581 (33.5)	295 (29.8)	32 (32.7)	254 (39.3)
IADL dependency	Independent	1609 (92.8)	917 (92.7)	88 (89.8)	604 (93.5)	1.81 (0.405)
	Dependent	124 (7.2)	72 (7.3)	10 (10.2)	42 (6.5)
K-CESD	Normal	884 (51.0)	456 (46.1)	53 (54.1)	375 (58.0)	22.69 (<0.001)
	Depression	849 (49.0)	533 (53.9)	45 (45.9)	271 (42.0)
Chronic illness	(M±SD)	1.33±1.12	1.31±1.11	1.39±1.26	1.34±1.12	0.23 (0.791)
BMI	(M±SD)	23.27±2.70	23.22±2.82	23.33±2.82	23.34±2.48	0.43 (0.653)

Table 2 Changes in Physical Activity (N = 1733)

Variable		Remained Active (n = 450)	Became Active at 2016 (n = 109)	Became Active at 2014 (n = 114)	Became Inactive (n = 400)	Remained Inactive (n = 660)	x^2/F (p)
Gender	Male	285 (32.5)	48 (5.5)	66 (7.5)	203 (23.1)	276 (31.4)	53.86 (<0.001)
	Female	165 (19.3)	61 (7.1)	48 (5.6)	197 (23.0)	384 (44.9)
Age	M±SD	71.16±4.77	70.89±4.82	71.10±4.64	71.45±5.32	72.29±5.27	4.8 (0.001) 14.63 (0.006)
	65–74	357 (27.8)	87 (6.8)	85 (6.6)	293 (22.8)	461 (35.9)
	75-	93 (20.7)	22 (4.9)	29 (6.4)	107 (23.8)	199 (44.2)
Spouse	Yes	359 (27.0)	82 (6.2)	93 (7.0)	320 (24.0)	477 (35.8)	13.74 (0.008)
	No	91 (22.6)	27 (6.7)	21 (5.2)	80 (19.9)	183 (45.5)
Living arrangement	Alone	51 (21.3)	17 (7.1)	12 (5.0)	50 (20.8)	110 (45.8)	8.72 (0.068)
	Other	399 (26.7)	92 (6.2)	102 (6.8)	350 (23.4)	550 (36.8)
Education	University	92 (54.1)	8 (4.7)	17 (10.0)	36 (21.2)	17 (10.0)	224.85 (<0.001)
	High school	143 (39.2)	23 (6.3)	25 (6.8)	92 (25.2)	82 (22.5)
	Middle school	79 (26.7)	14 (4.7)	21 (7.1)	78 (26.4)	104 (35.1)
	Elementary	136 (15.1)	64 (7.1)	51 (5.7)	194 (21.5)	457 (50.7)
Number of social activity participation	None	50 (14.5)	28 (8.1)	20 (5.8)	78 (22.5)	170 (49.1)	79.73 (<0.001)
	1	259 (24.9)	61 (5.9)	76 (7.3)	241 (23.1)	409 (38.9)
	2 or more	141 (40.9)	20 (5.8)	18 (5.2)	81 (23.5)	85 (24.6)
Smoking	Non-smoker	279 (23.9)	72 (6.2)	70 (6.0)	267 (22.9)	477 (40.9)	40.03 (<0.001)
	Ex-smoker	126 (37.1)	24 (7.1)	27 (7.9)	73 (21.5)	90 (26.5)
	Current smoker	45 (19.7)	13 (5.7)	17 (7.5)	60 (26.3)	93 (40.8)
Drinking	Non-drinker	183 (20.5)	60 (6.7)	53 (5.9)	207 (23.2)	388 (43.5)	39.23 (<0.001)
	Ex-drinker	80 (30.7)	15 (5.7)	21 (8.0)	67 (25.7)	78 (29.9)
	Current drinker	187 (32.2)	34 (5.9)	40 (6.9)	126 (21.7)	194 (33.4)
IADL dependency	Independent	426 (26.5)	102 (6.3)	106 (6.6)	366 (22.7)	609 (37.8)	3.75 (0.440)
	Dependent	24 (19.4)	7 (5.6)	8 (6.5)	34 (27.4)	51 (41.1)
K-CESD	Normal	267 (30.2)	54 (6.1)	57 (6.4)	205 (23.2)	301 (34.0)	20.34 (<0.001)
	Depression	183 (21.6)	55 (6.5)	57 (6.7)	195 (23.0)	359 (42.3)
Chronic illness	(M±SD)	1.32±1.13	1.17±1.10	1.47±1.19	1.35±1.15	1.32±1.08	1.06 (0.377)
BMI	(M±SD)	23.25±2.49	23.39±2.64	23.42±2.43	23.57±2.69	23.05±2.88	2.40 (0.048)

Table 3 OR (95% CI) for the Association of Physical Activity and Cognitive Decline Over 6 Years Follow-Up (N = 1733)

	Model 1 OR (95% CI)	p	Model 2 OR (95% CI)	p
Change
Remained active	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Became active at 2016	3.24 (1.67 to 6.29)	0.001	2.56 (1.28 to 5.10)	0.008
Became active at 2014	1.97 (1.00 to 3.88)	0.051	1.61 (0.79 to 3.27)	0.186
Became inactive	2.60 (1.85 to 3.64)	<0.001	2.22 (1.56 to 3.17)	<0.001
Remained inactive	2.73 (1.56 to 4.77)	<0.001	1.88 (1.04 to 3.38)	0.035
−2log Likelihood	2043.609		1932.600
Hosmer-Lemeshow χ^2	1.603	0.979	6.375	0.605

Notes: Model 1: Adjusted by sex, age at baseline. Model 2: Adjusted by sex, age, having spouse, living alone, education, number of chronic disease, BMI, smoking, drinking, depression, IADL, social participation, physical activity at baseline.