Virtual Reality: Is It Helping Children Cope with Fear and Pain During Vaccination?

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Data of the Children Aged 4–6 Years Old, Including Information on Age, Gender, Pain and Fear Score Between the Two Groups (User and Non-User of VR)

Patient Characteristics	Use of VR During Vaccination
	Yes	No
	N = 53 (50.96%)	N = 51 (49.03%)
Gender, n (%)
Female	25 (47.16%)	25 (49.01%)
Male	28 (52.83%)	26 (50.98%)
Age
Mean ± SD	5.38 ± 0.59	5.18 ± 0.68
Pain score (0–10)
Mean ± SD	1.36 ± 2.067	6.90 ± 3.471
Range	(0, 8)	(0, 10)
Fear score (0–5)
Mean ± SD	0.64 ± 0.922	2.88 ± 1.558
Range	(0, 3)	(0, 4)

Table 2 Normality Assessment

Outcome	Use VR Glasses During Vaccination	Statistics	Value
Pain score	Yes	Mean ± SD	1.36 ±2.06
		Median	0
		Skewness	1.8
		Kurtosis	2.9
	No	Mean ± SD	6.9±3.47
		Median	8
		Skewness	−0.86
		Kurtosis	−0.64
Fear score	Yes	Mean ± SD	0.64 ±0.92
		Median	0
		Skewness	1.40
		Kurtosis	1.09
	No	Mean ± SD	2.88 ±1.56
		Median	4
		Skewness	−1.02
		Kurtosis	−0.66

Table 3 Bivariate Analysis of the Children Aged 4–6 Years Old

Patient Characteristics	Pain Score				Fear Score
	Mean ± SD	Test-value	P-value	95% CI	Mean ± SD	Test-value	P-value	95% CI
Age*	4.08±3.97	−0.137	0.165	(−0.33, 0.06)	1.74± 1.695	−0.208	0.034	(−0.40,-0.02)
Gender
Male	3.67±4.01	−1.096	0.276	(−2.39, 0.69)	1.63±1.67	−0.691	0.491	(−0.89, 0.43)
Female	4.52±3.91				1.86±1.72
Use of VR during vaccination
Yes	1.36±2.06	−9.93	0	(−6.65, −4.43)	0.64±0.922	8.969	0	(1.74, 2.73)
No	6.90±3.47				2.88±1.558

Note: *Pearson correlation score.

Figure 1 Comparison of pain scores between the VR non-users and VR users.

Notes: Copyright 1983, Wong–Baker FACES Foundation, www.WongBakerFACES.org. Used with permission.” Originally published in Whaley & Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children. © Elsevier Inc.¹⁵

Figure 2 Comparison of fear scores between the VR non-users and VR users.

Table 4 Multivariate Analysis of the Children Aged 4–6 Years Old

Characteristics	Pain Score			Fear Score
	Standardized β	p-value	Confidence Interval (95%)	Standardized β	p-value	Confidence Interval (95%)
Age	−0.032	0.658	(−1.06, 0.67)	−0.109	0.42	(−0.676, 0.103)
Gender
Male	1.00 (ref)	0.177	(−0.34, 1.86)	1.00 (ref)	0.147	(−0.293, 0.696)
Female	0.76			0.06
Use of VR during vaccination
Yes	1.00 (Ref)	<0.001	(4.37, 6.61)	1.00 (Ref)	<0.001	(1.68, 2.68)
No	9.72			0.65

Wong-Baker FACES Foundation. Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale. Originally published in Whaley & Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children; © Elsevier Inc; 2020 [updated October 21, 2020]. Available from: http://www.WongBakerFACES.org. Accessed August 16, 2021.

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