Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms in Emirati Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Soft Tissue Cephalometric Measurements Used in the Study

Angular Measurements
Facial convexity (G’SnPog’°)	The angle between soft tissue glabella, subnasale and the soft tissue pogonion. Measures the convexity of the soft tissue profile.
H-angle	The angle between soft tissue labralesuperious, soft tissue nasion and Pog’. Measures the prominence of the upper lip in relation to N’pog’ line.
Z-angle	The angle between soft tissue labralesuperious, pogonion (profile line) and Frankfort horizontal plane. Measures the amount of lip protrusion.
Nasolabial angle	The angle between a line tangent to the base of the nose and a line tangent to the upper lip.
Soft tissue profile (N’SnPog’°)	Measures the degree of soft tissue convexity regardless of the nose prominence.
Soft tissue convexity (N’PnPog’°)	Measures the degree of soft tissue convexity including the nose.
Nasal prominence (PnN’Sn°)	Measures the degree of nasal prominence.
Linear Measurements
Length of upper lip (Sn-Sto)	Length of the upper lip measured between subnasale and stomionsuperius.
Length of lower lip (Sto-Sm)	Length of the lower lip measured between stomion and mentolabial sulcus.
Ls-E line	The horizontal distance between labralesuperious and esthetic line. It measures the relative protrusion of the upper lip to the esthetic line.
Li-E line	The horizontal distance between labraleinferius and esthetic line. It measures the relative protrusion of the lower lip to the esthetic line.
Thickness of the red portion of the upper lip:	Measured from the labial surface of the prominent upper incisor to the most anterior point of the upper lip parallel to the FH plane.
Thickness of the red portion of the lower lip:	Measured from the labial surface of the prominent lower incisor to the most anterior point of the lower lip parallel to the FH plane.
Thickness of the soft tissue chin (Pog-Pog’)	The horizontal distance between the hard and soft tissue pogonion.
Upper lip protrusion (Ls-SnPog’)	The horizontal distance between the most anterior point of the upper lip and subnasale soft tissue pogonion line. It measures the relative protrusion or retrusion of the upper lip to theSnPog’ line.
Lower lip protrusion (Li-SnPog’)	The horizontal distance between the most anterior point of the lower lip and subnasale soft tissue pogonion line. It measures the relative protrusion or retrusion of the lower lip to theSnPog’ line.
Proportional Analysis
N’-Sn	Nasal third, the vertical distance between the soft tissue nasion and the subnasale points.
Sn-Me’	Gnathic third, the vertical distance between the subnasale and the soft tissue menton points.
N’-Sn: Sn-Me’ (%)	The ratio between nasal third and gnathic third.
Sn-Sto/Sn-Me’ (%)	The ratio between the vertical distance of the subnasale and stomion to gnathic third.

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics of Angular and Linear Soft Tissue Measurements in Male and Female Study Participants

Variables	Males (N = 91)					Females (N = 85)
	Mean	SD	SE	Min	Max	Mean	SD	SE	Min	Max
Angular soft tissue measurements
Facial convexity G’ Sn Pog’ (^o)	163.33	5.76	0.6	157.2	169.2	165.29	4.51	0.49	161.2	169.32
H-angle	14.56	4.46	0.47	10.2	19.1	12.99	3.84	0.42	9.6	16.2
Z-angle	74.08	9	0.94	68.1	84.7	78	7.89	0.86	71.2	85.93
Nasolabial angle	117.62	10.48	0.1	106.3	128.2	120.13	10.72	0.16	110.9	130.87
Soft tissue profile angle N’SnPog’(^o)	156.91	6.92	0.73	149.2	162.8	133.8	5.51	0.02	128.6	138.5
Soft tissue convexity N’PnPog’ (^o)	127.48	4.78	0.5	122.93	132.3	136.85	8.03	0.96	128.3	145.1
Noseprominence Pn N’Sn (^o)	20	2.22	0.23	17.9	22.34	20.73	6.29	0.68	14.8	27.2
Linear soft tissue measurements
Upper lip length (mm)	27.08	1.53	0.1	25.1	28.7	16.8	2.35	0.34	14.9	18.7
Lower lip length (mm)	25	2.49	0.15	22	28	21	5.86	0.8	16	27
Upper lip to E-plane (mm)	−5.88	3.56	0.37	−2.8	−6.1	−1.8	4.03	0.52	−3.2	2.2
Lower lip to E-plane (mm)	−2.23	4.41	0.46	1.2	−2.7	−1.32	4.42	0.48	−5.1	2.1
Thickness of red portion of upper lip (mm)	15.11	5.68	0.6	10.4	20.81	11.83	4.84	0.53	7.6	16.7
Thickness of red portion of lower lip	12.21	3.85	0.4	8.72	16.42	8.49	5.1	0.55	3.2	13.54
Thickness of soft tissue chin (Pog-Pog’) (mm)	14.5	7.12	0.75	7.36	21.72	11.48	7.24	0.79	4.5	18.64
Upper lip protrusion (Ls-SnPog’) (mm)	3.47	2.2	0.34	1.4	5.8	12.01	2.66	0.13	10.8	14.73
Lower lip protrusion (Li-SnPog’) (mm)	3.72	2.68	0.39	1.2	6.4	11.75	2.16	0.08	9.54	13.9
N’-Sn’ (mm)	71.98	3.62	0.48	68.3	75.5	70.07	2.33	0.31	68.21	72.41
Sn’-Me’ (mm)	93.2	3.28	0.28	89.6	96.73	70.33	4.45	0.65	65.2	74.61
N’-Sn’: Sn’-Me’ (%)	77.62	8.73	0.92	68.9	86.32	84.3	11.33	0.23	75.02	95.52
Sn-Stomion/Sn-Me (%)	33.22	5.14	0.54	27.8	38.40	32.72	2.53	0.27	29.8	35.19

Table 3 Comparison of Soft Tissue Cephalometric Angular and Linear Measurements Between Males and Females

Variables	Male (N = 91)		Female (N = 85)		t	P
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Angular soft tissue measurements
Facial convexity G’ Sn Pog’ (^o)	163.33	5.76	165.29	4.51	−2.52	<0.05*
H-angle	14.56	4.46	12.99	3.84	2.51	<0.05*
Z-angle	74.08	8.99	78.0	7.89	−3.06	<0.05*
Nasolabial angle	117.62	10.48	120.13	10.72	−1.57	>0.05
Soft tissue profile angle N’SnPog’(^o)	156.91	6.92	133.80	5.51	3.81	<0.001**
Soft tissue convexity N’PnPog’ (^o)	127.48	4.78	136.85	8.03	−4.64	<0.001**
Noseprominence Pn N’Sn (^o)	20.0	2.22	20.73	6.30	−1.01	>0.05
Linear soft tissue measurements
Upper lip length (mm)	27.08	1.53	16.80	2.35	5.92	<0.001**
Lower lip length (mm)	25.0	2.49	21.0	5.86	6.56	<0.001**
Upper lip to E-plane (mm)	−5.88	3.56	−1.80	4.03	−2.60	<0.05*
Lower lip to E-plane (mm)	−2.23	4.41	−1.32	4.42	−1.36	>0.05
Thickness of red portion of upper lip (mm)	15.11	5.68	11.84	4.84	4.11	<0.001**
Thickness of red portion of lower lip	12.20	3.85	8.49	5.10	5.43	<0.001**
Thickness of soft tissue chin (Pog-Pog’) (mm)	14.50	7.12	11.48	7.24	2.79	<0.05*
Upper lip protrusion (Ls-SnPog’) (mm)	3.47	2.20	12.01	2.66	−3.96	<0.001**
Lower lip protrusion (Li-SnPog’) (mm)	3.72	2.68	11.75	2.16	−3.80	<0.001**
N’-Sn’(mm)	71.98	3.62	70.07	2.33	0.56	>0.05
Sn’-Me’ (mm)	93.20	3.28	70.33	4.45	5.42	<0.001**
N’-Sn’: Sn’-Me’ (%)	77.62	8.73	84.30	11.33	−4.36	<0.001**
Sn-Stomion/Sn-Me (%)	33.22	5.14	32.72	2.54	0.80	>0.05

Notes: P = probability level. *Significant (P < 0.05); **Highly significant (P < 0.001).