Risk Perception and Health Precautions Towards COVID-19 Among Older Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Adults in South Australia: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Demographics and the Indicators of Risk Perceptions and Precautions (n=155)

Variables	Percentage	Number
Age group
60–69	22.0	34
70–79	50.3	78
80+	27.7	43
Gender
Male	25.8	40
Female	74.2	115
Education
No formal education	16.1	25
Primary school	30.3	47
High school	20.7	32
Bachelors	18.1	28
Masters and above	14.8	23
CALD Ethnicity
Non-English-speaking European	80.6	125
Asian	16.8	26
African	2.6	4
	Mean (SD)	Range (Min-Max)
Sum-score of becoming infected (from 3 items)	8.0 (2.8)	(3–14)
DR
DR-1	4.5 (0.9)	(1–5)
DR-2	3.7 (0.9)	(1–5)
DR-3	3.7 (0.9)	(1–5)
DR-4	3.6 (0.9)	(1–5)
DR-5	3.8 (0.9)	(1–5)
DR-6	3.4 (1.1)	(1–5)
UR
UR-1	4.3 (0.9)	(1–5)
UR-2	3.4 (0.9)	(1–5)
UR-3	3.5 (1.2)	(1–5)
UR-4	2.5 (1.1)	(1–5)
Sum-score of fear (from 2 items)	7.3 (1.9)	(2–10)
CB-PFS
CB-PFS-1	4.1 (0.9)	(1–5)
CB-PFS-2	3.1 (1.4)	(1–5)
CB-PFS-3	3.8 (0.9)	(1–5)
CB-PFS-4	4.0 (0.7)	(1–5)
CB-PFS-5	3.2 (1.1)	(1–5)
CB-PFS-6	4.2 (0.7)	(1–5)
CB-PFS-7	3.9 (0.8)	(1–5)
CB-PFS-8	3.3 (1.1)	(1–5)
CB-PFS-9	3.7 (1.0)	(1–5)
Sum-score of problem-focused precaution practices (from 9 items)	33.2 (5.4)	(18–45)
CB-EFS
CB-EFS-1	3.6 (1.0)	(1–5)
CB-EFS-2	3.7 (0.9)	(1–5)
CB-EFS-3	3.0 (1.1)	(1–5)
CB-EFS-4	3.4 (0.9)	(1–5)
CB-EFS-5	3.2 (0.9)	(1–5)
CB-EFS-6	3.2 (1.2)	(1–5)
CB-EFS-7	2.0 (1.2)	(1–5)
CB-EFS-8	3.5 (1.0)	(1–5)
CB-EFS-9	3.1 (1.1)	(1–5)
CB-EFS-10	2.1 (0.8)	(1–5)
Sum-score of emotion-focused precaution practices (from 10 items)	30.9 (5.3)	(12–42)

Abbreviations: CALD, culturally and linguistically diverse; SD, standard deviation; Min-Max, minimum-maximum; DR, dread risk; DR-1, COVID-19 is a global disaster; DR-2, COVID-19 will become more dangerous over time; DR-3, COVID-19 will affect future generations; DR-4, I can easily reduce the risk of infection; DR-5, the consequences of COVID-19 for me are my responsibility; DR-6, COVID-19 affects me personally; UR, unknown risk; UR-1, COVID-19 is something completely new to me; UR-2, the effects of COVID-19 can be managed well; UR-3, the experts know about COVID-19; UR-4, I know that I will not be affected by COVID-19; CB-PFS, coping behaviours, problem-focused precaution practices; CB-PFS-1, I listen to the experts and follow their advice; CB-PFS-2, I access online health information; CB-PFS-3, I think carefully about what to do and make informed plans; CB-PFS-4, I try not to do anything rash; CB-PFS-5, I talk to health professionals who know about it; CB-PFS-6, I talk to family and friends to learn more about the situation; CB-PFS-7, I change things in my life to be able to cope better with COVID-19; CB-PFS-8, I have been thinking about what I usually do with other viral infections; CB-PFS-9, I am doing something completely new to cope with the circumstances; CB-EFS, coping behaviours, emotion-focused precaution practices; CB-EFS-1, I focus on my work or other activities to distract myself; CB-EFS-2, I imagine positive things to improve my mood; CB-EFS-3, I submit to my fate; CB-EFS-4, I tell myself things that make it easier for me to cope; CB-EFS-5, I wish I could change my worries and feelings; CB-EFS-6, I hope for a miracle; CB-EFS-7, I try to make myself feel better by eating, drinking, smoking or taking medication; CB-EFS-8, I imagine times when it was better than today; CB-EFS-9, I try to leave the whole thing behind and want to rest or go on holiday; CB-EFS-10, I refuse to believe what is happening.

Table 2 Multiple Linear Regression Models Explaining the Problem-Focused Precautions (n=155)

Variables	CB-PFS-1	CB-PFS-2	CB-PFS-3	CB-PFS-4	CB-PFS-5	CB-PFS-6	CB-PFS-7	CB-PFS-8	CB-PFS-9
	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Age group (Ref: 60–69)
70–79	−0.21 (−0.54, 0.12)	−0.36 (−0.87, 0.15)	−0.22 (−0.54, 0.11)	−0.07 (−0.35, 0.21)	−0.05 (−0.45, 0.35)	0.03 (−0.23, 0.30)	−0.10 (−0.39, 0.19)	0.01 (−0.37, 0.39)	−0.19 (−0.59, 0.21)
80+	−0.57 (−0.96, −0.19)	−0.92 (−1.51, −0.33)	−0.45 (−0.82, −0.07)	−0.22 (−0.55, 0.11)	−0.87 (−1.34, −0.40)	0.04 (−0.26, 0.35)	−0.33 (−0.67, 0.01)	−0.67 (−1.11, −0.22)	−0.27 (−0.74, 0.20)
Gender (Ref: Male)
Female	0.15 (−0.14, 0.44)	−0.09 (−0.54, 0.36)	0.13 (−0.15, 0.42)	−0.05 (−0.30, 0.19)	0.30 (−0.06, 0.65)	0.11 (−0.13, 0.34)	0.08 (−0.18, 0.33)	0.21 (−0.13, 0.55)	0.29 (−0.06, 0.65)
Education (Ref: No formal education)
Primary school	−0.19 (−0.60, 0.21)	0.81 (0.18, 1.44)	−0.19 (−0.59, 0.22)	0.03 (−0.31, 0.38)	0.15 (−0.35, 0.65)	−0.19 (−0.52, 0.14)	0.13 (−0.23, 0.49)	0.12 (−0.35, 0.59)	−0.13 (−0.62, 0.37)
High school	−0.27 (−0.73, 0.18)	0.70 (0, 1.40)	−0.08 (−0.53, 0.37)	−0.17 (−0.56, 0.21)	0.11 (−0.45, 0.66)	−0.23 (−0.59, 0.14)	0.10 (−0.31, 0.50)	−0.21 (−0.73, 0.32)	−0.01 (−0.56, 0.55)
Bachelor degree	−0.30 (−0.76, 0.16)	1.00 (0.30, 1.71)	0.07 (−0.38, 0.52)	−0.30 (−0.69, 0.09)	0.28 (−0.27, 0.84)	−0.27 (−0.63, 0.10)	0.13 (−0.27, 0.54)	−0.11 (−0.64, 0.42)	0.12 (−0.44, 0.67)
Masters and above	−0.20 (−0.67, 0.27)	1.20 (0.47, 1.92)	0.01 (−0.47, 0.46)	−0.29 (−0.69, 0.11)	0.42 (−0.15, 1.00)	−0.45 (−0.83, −0.08)	−0.19 (−0.60, 0.23)	−0.13 (−0.68, 0.41)	−0.04 (−0.62, 0.53)
Ethnicity (Ref: European)
Asian	0.13 (−0.24, 0.49)	−0.07 (−0.63, 0.49)	0.43 (0.07, 0.79)	0.45 (0.14, 0.77)	0.49 (0.05, 0.94)	0.23 (−0.07, 0.52)	0.49 (0.16, 0.81)	0.69 (0.27, 1.12)	0.13 (−0.31, 0.58)
African	−0.02 (−0.80, 0.76)	−0.39 (−1.60, 0.81)	0.57 (−0.2, 1.34)	0.51 (−0.15, 1.18)	0.44 (−0.52, 1.39)	0.22 (−0.41, 0.84)	0.33 (−0.36, 1.03)	0.19 (−0.71, 1.1)	0.52 (−0.43, 1.48)
Sum-score of becoming infected (from 3 items)	0.01 (−0.04, 0.05)	0.01 (−0.07, 0.08)	0 0.01(−0.05, 0.05)	−0.05 (−0.09, −0.01)	−0.02 (−0.08, 0.04)	0.01 (−0.04, 0.04)	−0.03 (−0.07, 0.02)	−0.03 (−0.09, 0.03)	−0.04 (−0.10, 0.02)
DR-1	0.08 (−0.08, 0.24)	−0.13 (−0.37, 0.12)	0.08 (−0.08, 0.23)	−0.09 (−0.22, 0.05)	0.02 (−0.17, 0.22)	0.01 (−0.13, 0.13)	0.06 (−0.08, 0.21)	0.06 (−0.12, 0.25)	0.33 (0.14, 0.52)
DR-2	−0.10 (−0.30, 0.09)	0.03 (−0.27, 0.33)	−0.11 (−0.30, 0.08)	−0.16 (−0.32, 0.01)	−0.06 (−0.30, 0.18)	−0.03 (−0.19, 0.12)	−0.05 (−0.22, 0.12)	−0.14 (−0.36, 0.09)	−0.02 (−0.26, 0.22)
DR-3	−0.01 (−0.20, 0.17)	−0.06 (−0.35, 0.23)	0.14 (−0.04, 0.32)	0.08 (−0.08, 0.23)	−0.14 (−0.37, 0.09)	0.10 (−0.05, 0.25)	0.10 (−0.07, 0.26)	0.07 (−0.14, 0.29)	0.24 (0.02, 0.47)
DR-4	0.16 (−0.02, 0.34)	0.10 (−0.18, 0.37)	0.25 (0.07, 0.43)	0.10 (−0.06, 0.25)	0.13 (−0.09, 0.35)	0.14 (0, 0.29)	0.23 (0.07, 0.39)	0.23 (0.02, 0.43)	0.08 (−0.14, 0.29)
DR-5	0.15 (−0.01, 0.32)	0.02 (−0.24, 0.27)	0.05 (−0.11, 0.21)	0.05 (−0.09, 0.19)	−0.03 (−0.23, 0.18)	−0.01 (−0.14, 0.12)	0.02 (−0.12, 0.17)	0.03 (−0.16, 0.22)	−0.09 (−0.29, 0.11)
DR-6	0.15 (0.02, 0.28)	0.25 (0.05, 0.46)	0.03 (−0.10, 0.16)	0.06 (−0.06, 0.17)	0.27 (0.11, 0.43)	−0.07 (−0.18, 0.03)	0.01 (−0.12, 0.12)	0.26 (0.11, 0.41)	0.03 (−0.13, 0.19)
UR-1	−0.13 (−0.29, 0.02)	−0.26 (−0.5, −0.02)	0.03 (−0.13, 0.18)	0.04 (−0.10, 0.17)	−0.13 (−0.33, 0.06)	0.15 (0.02, 0.27)	−0.02 (−0.16, 0.11)	−0.12 (−0.30, 0.06)	0.06 (−0.13, 0.25)
UR-2	−0.20 (−0.35, −0.05)	−0.13 (−0.37, 0.11)	0.19 (0.04, 0.34)	0.14 (0.01, 0.27)	−0.26 (−0.45, −0.07)	−0.12 (−0.24, 0.01)	0.26 (0.12, 0.39)	0.12 (−0.06, 0.29)	0.27 (0.08, 0.45)
UR-3	0.17 (0.06, 0.28)	0.20 (0.03, 0.37)	−0.06 (−0.17, 0.05)	−0.01 (−0.11, 0.08)	0.15 (0.01, 0.28)	0.11 (0.02, 0.20)	−0.03 (−0.12, 0.07)	0.01 (−0.12, 0.14)	0.01 (−0.14, 0.13)
UR-4	−0.01 (−0.15, 0.12)	0.20 (−0.01, 0.41)	−0.03 (−0.17, 0.10)	−0.03 (−0.15, 0.08)	0.02 (−0.14, 0.19)	−0.01 (−0.11, 0.10)	−0.03 (−0.15, 0.09)	0.01 (−0.15, 0.16)	−0.08 (−0.24, 0.09)
Sum-score of fear (from 2 items)	0.15 (0.07, 0.23)	0.17 (0.05, 0.28)	0.11 (0.03, 0.18)	0.11 (0.05, 0.18)	0.12 (0.03, 0.22)	0.07 (0.01, 0.13)	0.10 (0.03, 0.16)	0.13 (0.04, 0.22)	0.02 (−0.07, 0.12)
R-squared	0.4155	0.4176	0.3912	0.3108	0.4615	0.3097	0.3961	0.4287	0.2743

Abbreviations: CB-PFS-1, I listen to the experts and follow their advice; CB-PFS-2, I access online health information; CB-PFS-3, I think carefully about what to do and make informed plans; CB-PFS-4, I try not to do anything rash; CB-PFS-5, I talk to health professionals who know about it; CB-PFS-6, I talk to family and friends to learn more about the situation; CB-PFS-7, I change things in my life to be able to cope better with COVID-19; CB-PFS-8, I have been thinking about what I usually do with other viral infections; CB-PFS-9, I am doing something completely new to cope with the circumstances; DR-1, COVID-19 is a global disaster; DR-2, COVID-19 will become more dangerous over time; DR-3, COVID-19 will affect future generations; DR-4, I can easily reduce the risk of infection; DR-5, the consequences of COVID-19 for me are my responsibility; DR-6, COVID-19 affects me personally; UR, unknown risk; UR-1, COVID-19 is something completely new to me; UR-2, the effects of COVID-19 can be managed well; UR-3, the experts know about COVID-19; UR-4, I know that I will not be affected by COVID-19; bold, coefficients in boldface are statistically significant at p<0.05; Ref., reference category; β, coefficients; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Multiple Linear Regression Models Explaining the Emotion-Focused Precautions (n=155)

	CB-EFS-1	CB-EFS-2	CB-EFS-3	CB-EFS-4	CB-EFS-5	CB-EFS-6	CB-EFS-7	CB-EFS-8	CB-EFS-9	CB-EFS-10
	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Age group (Ref: 60–69)
70–79	0.18 (−0.23, 0.59)	0.25 (−0.12, 0.63)	−0.21 (−0.71, 0.29)	0.07 (−0.32, 0.47)	−0.16 (−0.56, 0.25)	−0.17 (−0.67, 0.33)	−0.24 (−0.72, 0.24)	−0.15 (−0.56, 0.26)	−0.58 (−1.04, −0.11)	0.11 (−0.26, 0.48)
80+	0.24 (−0.23, 0.71)	0.01 (−0.43, 0.44)	0.35 (−0.24, 0.93)	−0.04 (−0.49, 0.42)	−0.20 (−0.67, 0.28)	0.07 (−0.51, 0.65)	0.23 (−0.33, 0.79)	−0.49 (−0.97, −0.02)	−0.32 (−0.86, 0.22)	−0.08 (−0.51, 0.35)
Gender (Ref: Male)
Female	0.40 (0.04, 0.76)	0.24 (−0.09, 0.57)	0.11 (−0.34, 0.55)	0.41 (0.06, 0.75)	0.13 (−0.23, 0.49)	0.10 (−0.34, 0.55)	−0.40 (−0.83, 0.02)	−0.11 (−0.47, 0.26)	0.14 (−0.27, 0.55)	0.21 (−0.12, 0.54)
Education (Ref: No formal education)
Primary school	−0.04 (−0.54, 0.47)	0.06 (−0.4, 0.52)	−0.13 (−0.75, 0.49)	0.28 (−0.20, 0.77)	0.12 (−0.38, 0.63)	0.04 (−0.58, 0.66)	0.20 (−0.39, 0.80)	0.90 (0.39, 1.41)	0.86 (0.28, 1.43)	0.51 (0.05, 0.97)
High school	−0.02 (−0.58, 0.54)	0.17 (−0.35, 0.68)	0.04 (−0.65, 0.74)	0.34 (−0.21, 0.88)	−0.15 (−0.71, 0.41)	0.02 (−0.67, 0.71)	0.59 (−0.08, 1.26)	0.35 (−0.22, 0.92)	0.70 (0.05, 1.34)	0.29 (−0.22, 0.80)
Bachelor degree	0.46 (−0.10, 1.03)	0.34 (−0.18, 0.86)	0.58 (−0.11, 1.28)	0.56 (0.02, 1.11)	−0.17 (−0.74, 0.39)	−0.26 (−0.96, 0.43)	0.65 (−0.02, 1.32)	0.05 (−0.52, 0.62)	0.62 (−0.03, 1.27)	0.33 (−0.18, 0.85)
Masters and above	0.30 (−0.28, 0.88)	0.16 (−0.37, 0.69)	0.26 (−0.45, 0.98)	0.57 (0.01, 1.13)	−0.10 (−0.68, 0.48)	−0.71 (−1.43, 0)	0.61 (−0.08, 1.30)	−0.02 (−0.61, 0.57)	0.66 (−0.01, 1.32)	−0.05 (−0.58, 0.48)
Ethnicity (Ref: European)
Asian	−0.07 (−0.52, 0.38)	0.21 (−0.21, 0.62)	−0.41 (−0.97, 0.14)	0.41 (−0.02, 0.85)	0.09 (−0.36, 0.54)	0.16 (−0.4, 0.71)	−0.04 (−0.58, 0.49)	0.57 (0.12, 1.03)	−0.35 (−0.87, 0.17)	0.10 (−0.31, 0.51)
African	0.13 (−0.84, 1.09)	0.49 (−0.4, 1.37)	0.11 (−1.09, 1.30)	0.61 (−0.33, 1.55)	0.68 (−0.29, 1.65)	1.50 (0.31, 2.70)	0.22 (−0.93, 1.37)	0.31 (−0.67, 1.29)	−0.58 (−1.69, 0.53)	0.05 (−0.83, 0.93)
Sum-score of becoming infected (from 3 items)	−0.03 (−0.09, 0.04)	−0.03 (−0.08, 0.03)	−0.05 (−0.12, 0.03)	−0.03 (−0.09, 0.03)	−0.03 (−0.09, 0.03)	−0.06 (−0.14, 0.01)	0.02 (−0.06, 0.09)	0.01 (−0.06, 0.06)	−0.05 (−0.12, 0.02)	0.01 (−0.05, 0.06)
DR-1	0.05 (−0.15, 0.25)	0.11 (−0.07, 0.3)	0.01 (−0.25, 0.24)	−0.09 (−0.28, 0.10)	−0.17 (−0.37, 0.03)	−0.31 (−0.55, −0.07)	−0.22 (−0.45, 0.02)	−0.07 (−0.27, 0.13)	−0.23 (−0.46, −0.01)	−0.02 (−0.20, 0.16)
DR-2	0.19 (−0.05, 0.43)	0.01 (−0.22, 0.22)	−0.02 (−0.32, 0.28)	0.06 (−0.17, 0.29)	0.02 (−0.22, 0.26)	−0.14 (−0.43, 0.16)	0.11 (−0.18, 0.39)	0.22 (−0.03, 0.46)	0.11 (−0.17, 0.38)	−0.06 (−0.28, 0.16)
DR-3	0.05 (−0.18, 0.28)	0.11 (−0.1, 0.32)	0.09 (−0.19, 0.37)	0.07 (−0.15, 0.29)	0.14 (−0.09, 0.37)	0.28 (0, 0.56)	0.25 (−0.02, 0.52)	−0.02 (−0.25, 0.21)	0.06 (−0.21, 0.32)	0.12 (−0.09, 0.33)
DR-4	0.05 (−0.17, 0.28)	0.13 (−0.08, 0.33)	−0.05 (−0.33, 0.22)	0.04 (−0.18, 0.25)	−0.10 (−0.32, 0.12)	−0.06 (−0.33, 0.21)	−0.44 (−0.7, −0.18)	−0.37 (−0.60, −0.15)	−0.27 (−0.53, −0.02)	−0.22 (−0.43, −0.02)
DR-5	−0.01 (−0.22, 0.19)	0.06 (−0.12, 0.25)	0.04 (−0.21, 0.29)	0.01 (−0.20, 0.20)	0.17 (−0.04, 0.37)	−0.09 (−0.34, 0.16)	0.06 (−0.19, 0.30)	−0.19 (−0.40, 0.02)	0.17 (−0.07, 0.40)	0.09 (−0.09, 0.28)
DR-6	−0.07 (−0.24, 0.09)	−0.07 (−0.22, 0.08)	−0.12 (−0.32, 0.08)	−0.09 (−0.24, 0.07)	−0.06 (−0.23, 0.10)	−0.15 (−0.35, 0.05)	−0.28 (−0.47, −0.09)	0.09 (−0.08, 0.25)	0.01 (−0.18, 0.20)	−0.06 (−0.21, 0.09)
UR-1	0.04 (−0.15, 0.23)	0.01 (−0.17, 0.18)	0.14 (−0.10, 0.38)	0.02 (−0.17, 0.20)	0.10 (−0.09, 0.30)	0.07 (−0.16, 0.31)	−0.13 (−0.36, 0.10)	0.01 (−0.2, 0.19)	0.05 (−0.17, 0.28)	0.12 (−0.06, 0.29)
UR-2	0.23 (0.04, 0.42)	0.23 (0.06, 0.40)	−0.04 (−0.27, 0.20)	0.24 (0.06, 0.42)	−0.10 (−0.29, 0.09)	−0.09 (−0.33, 0.14)	0.18 (−0.05, 0.41)	0.26 (0.07, 0.45)	0.13 (−0.09, 0.35)	−0.09 (−0.27, 0.08)
UR-3	−0.04 (−0.17, 0.10)	0.05 (−0.08, 0.18)	0.06 (−0.11, 0.23)	0.03 (−0.10, 0.16)	−0.01 (−0.15, 0.13)	0.09 (−0.08, 0.26)	0.07 (−0.10, 0.23)	−0.01 (−0.15, 0.13)	0.03 (−0.13, 0.19)	−0.01 (−0.14, 0.12)
UR-4	0.02 (−0.15, 0.18)	0.03 (−0.12, 0.19)	0.01 (−0.19, 0.22)	−0.04 (−0.21, 0.12)	0.11 (−0.06, 0.27)	0.04 (−0.17, 0.24)	0.21 (0.01, 0.41)	0.08 (−0.09, 0.25)	−0.10 (−0.30, 0.09)	0.12 (−0.03, 0.27)
Sum-score of fear (from 2 items)	0.10 (0.01, 0.19)	0.02 (−0.06, 0.11)	−0.07 (−0.19, 0.05)	0.08 (−0.02, 0.17)	0.16 (0.07, 0.26)	0.21 (0.09, 0.33)	0.10 (−0.02, 0.21)	0.13 (0.03, 0.22)	0.11 (0.01, 0.22)	0.01 (−0.08, 0.09)
R-squared	0.2137	0.2403	0.1562	0.1957	0.1894	0.2436	0.29	0.3239	0.2388	0.1677

Abbreviations: CB-EFS-1, I focus on my work or other activities to distract myself; CB-EFS-2, I imagine positive things to improve my mood; CB-EFS-3, I submit to my fate; CB-EFS-4, I tell myself things that make it easier for me to cope; CB-EFS-5, I wish I could change my worries and feelings; CB-EFS-6, I hope for a miracle; CB-EFS-7, I try to make myself feel better by eating, drinking, smoking or taking medication; CB-EFS-8, I imagine times when it was better than today; CB-EFS-9, I try to leave the whole thing behind and want to rest or go on holiday; CB-EFS-10, I refuse to believe what is happening; DR-1, COVID-19 is a global disaster; DR-2, COVID-19 will become more dangerous over time; DR-3, COVID-19 will affect future generations; DR-4, I can easily reduce the risk of infection; DR-5, the consequences of COVID-19 for me are my responsibility; DR-6, COVID-19 affects me personally; UR, unknown risk; UR-1, COVID-19 is something completely new to me; UR-2, the effects of COVID-19 can be managed well; UR-3, the experts know about COVID-19; UR-4, I know that I will not be affected by COVID-19; bold, coefficients in boldface are statistically significant at p<0.05; Ref., reference category; β, coefficients; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Multiple Linear Regression Models Explaining the Sum-Scores of Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Precautions (n=155)

Variables	Sum-Score: Problem-Focused Precautions (9 Items)	Sum-Score: Emotional Precautions (10 Items)
	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Age group (Ref: 60–69)
70–79	−1.15 (−2.91, 0.61)	−0.89 (−3.11, 1.33)
80+	−4.25 (−6.3, −2.21)	−0.24 (−2.82, 2.35)
Gender (Ref: Male)
Female	1.12 (−0.43, 2.68)	1.23 (−0.73, 3.19)
Education (Ref: No formal education)
Primary school	0.55 (−1.62, 2.73)	2.80 (0.05, 5.55)
High school	−0.07 (−2.49, 2.36)	2.33 (−0.74, 5.40)
Bachelors	0.63 (−1.81, 3.07)	3.16 (0.07, 6.25)
Masters and above	0.30 (−2.21, 2.81)	1.68 (−1.49, 4.86)
Ethnicity (Ref: European)
Asian	2.97 (1.02, 4.92)	0.67 (−1.80, 3.13)
African	2.37 (−1.81, 6.55)	3.52 (−1.76, 8.81)
Sum-score of becoming infected (from 3 items)	−0.16 (−0.42, 0.10)	−0.25 (−0.58, 0.08)
DR-1	0.42 (−0.44, 1.27)	−0.96 (−2.04, 0.12)
DR-2	−0.65 (−1.68, 0.39)	0.48 (−0.83, 1.79)
DR-3	0.52 (−0.47, 1.51)	1.16 (−0.1, 2.41)
DR-4	1.40 (0.44, 2.36)	−1.30 (−2.52, −0.08)
DR-5	0.19 (−0.69, 1.08)	0.30 (−0.82, 1.42)
DR-6	0.97 (0.26, 1.68)	−0.81 (−1.70, 0.09)
UR-1	−0.41 (−1.24, 0.42)	0.42 (−0.63, 1.47)
UR-2	0.26 (−0.56, 1.08)	0.95 (−0.09, 1.99)
UR-3	0.54 (−0.06, 1.14)	0.26 (−0.50, 1.02)
UR-4	0.04 (−0.68, 0.76)	0.47 (−0.44, 1.38)
Sum-score of fear (from 2 items)	0.97 (0.56, 1.39)	0.84 (0.31, 1.36)
R-squared	0.5331	0.238

Abbreviations: DR-1, COVID-19 is a global disaster; DR-2, COVID-19 will become more dangerous over time; DR-3, COVID-19 will affect future generations; DR-4, I can easily reduce the risk of infection; DR-5, the consequences of COVID-19 for me are my responsibility; DR-6, COVID-19 affects me personally; UR, unknown risk; UR-1, COVID-19 is something completely new to me; UR-2, the effects of COVID-19 can be managed well; UR-3, the experts know about COVID-19; UR-4, I know that I will not be affected by COVID-19; bold, coefficients in boldface are statistically significant at p<0.05; Ref, reference category; β, coefficients; CI, confidence interval.