Translation, Validation, and Psychometric Evaluation of the Diabetes Quality-of-Life Brief Clinical Inventory: The Urdu Version

Figures & data

Table 1 Patients’ Characteristics and Descriptive Statistics (N=30, Pilot Test)

Characteristics	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)
Age group
30–40	19	63.4
41–50	11	36.6
Gender
Male	20	66.6
Female	10	33.4
Income (Pakistani Rupees)
<20,000	24	80.0
>20,000	6	20.0
Education
Intermediate	21	70.0
Bachelor	9	30.0
Marital status
Married	28	93.3
Divorced	2	6.7
Residence
Urban	18	60.0
Rural	12	4.0
Occupation
None	10	33.4
Government employee	17	56.6
Business	3	10.0
Duration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
<5 years	13	43.3
5–10 years	7	23.3
>10 years	10	33.3
Treatment module
OHA	19	63.4
Insulin	7	23.3
OHA+Insulin	4	13.3
Family history of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Yes	11	63.4
No	19	36.6

Abbreviation: OHA, Oral hypoglycemic agents.

Table 2 Reliability Values at Two-Time Points (N=30, Pilot Study)

Items in DQoL-BCI-U	Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient (Based on Standardized Items)
	Test (Week 1) N=30	Scale When Item Deleted	Re-Test (Week 3) N=30	Scale When Item Deleted
How satisfied are you with your current diabetes treatment?	0.866	0.821	0.850	0.825
How satisfied are you with the amount of time it takes to manage your diabetes?		0.812		0.844
How often do you find that you eat something you should not rather than tell someone that you have diabetes?		0.824		0.830
How often do you worry about whether you will miss work?		0.833		0.836
How satisfied are you with the time it takes to determine your sugar level?		0.841		0.838
How satisfied are you with the time you spend exercising?		0.820		0.822
How often do you have a bad night’s sleep because of diabetes?		0.817		0.841
How satisfied are you with your sex life?		0.856		0.810
How often do you feel diabetes limits your career?		0.849		0.829
How often do you have pain because of the treatment for your diabetes?		0.852		0.809
How satisfied are you with the burden your diabetes is placing on your family?		0.860		0.849
How often do you feel physically ill?		0.863		0.847
How often do you worry about whether you will pass out?		0.824		0.837
How satisfied are you with time spent getting checkups for your diabetes?		0.800		0.827
How satisfied are you with your knowledge about your diabetes?		0.833		0.826

Note: Adapted with permission from Thomas E. Burroughs, PhD; Radhika Desikan, PhD; Brian M. Waterman, MPH; Debra Gilin, PhD; Janet McGill, MD. Development and Validation of the Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory, https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.17.1.41. Copyright 2004 by the American Diabetes Association.²³

Table 3 Reliability of Test–Re-Test (N=30; Intraclass Correlation Coefficient)

Items in DQoL-BCI-U	Intraclass Correlation Coefficient*	95% Confidence Interval	p-value
How satisfied are you with your current diabetes treatment?	0.801	0.828–0.911	<0.05
How satisfied are you with the amount of time it takes to manage your diabetes?	0.822	0.721–0.919	<0.05
How often do you find that you eat something you should not rather than tell someone that you have diabetes?	0.831	0.743–0.920	<0.05
How often do you worry about whether you will miss work?	0.877	0.812–0.900	<0.05
How satisfied are you with the time it takes to determine your sugar level?	0.809	0.812–0.903	<0.05
How satisfied are you with the time you spend exercising?	0.828	0.884–0.910	<0.05
How often do you have a bad night’s sleep because of diabetes?	0.810	0.734–0.908	<0.05
How satisfied are you with your sex life?	0.873	0.800–0.909	<0.05
How often do you feel diabetes limits your career?	0.840	0.811–0.915	<0.05
How often do you have pain because of the treatment for your diabetes?	0.845	0.824–0.927	<0.05
How satisfied are you with the burden your diabetes is placing on your family?	0.866	0.833–0.914	<0.05
How often do you feel physically ill?	0.841	0.810–0.904	<0.05
How often do you worry about whether you will pass out?	0.840	0.817–0.900	<0.05
How satisfied are you with time spent getting checkups for your diabetes?	0.857	0.825–0.900	<0.05
How satisfied are you with your knowledge about your diabetes?	0.855	0.831–0.911	<0.05

Notes: *Intraclass correlation coefficient values using one way random effect model (Model 1), single measures, 95% confidence interval. Adapted with permission from Thomas E. Burroughs, PhD; Radhika Desikan, PhD; Brian M. Waterman, MPH; Debra Gilin, PhD; Janet McGill, MD. Development and Validation of the Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory, https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.17.1.41. Copyright 2004 by the American Diabetes Association.²³

Table 4 Respondents’ Characteristics and Descriptive Statistics (n=165, Field Test)

Characteristics	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)
Age group
30–40	12	7.2
41–50	92	55.8
51–60	61	37.0
Gender
Male	77	46.7
Female	88	53.3
Income (Pakistani Rupees)*
None	69	41.8
<20,000	43	26.1
>20,000	53	32.1
Education
None	36	21.8
Primary	27	16.4
Secondary	72	43.6
Intermediate	30	18.1
Marital status
Married	98	59.4
Unmarried	67	40.6
Residence
Urban	95	57.6
Rural	70	42.4
Occupation
None	69	41.8
Government employee	27	16.4
Business	69	41.8
Duration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
<5 years	131	79.3
>5 years	34	20.6
Treatment module
OHA	41	24.8
Insulin	93	56.4
OHA+Insulin	31	18.7
Family history of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Yes	101	61.2
No	64	38.8

Notes: *1 Pk. Rs = 0.0057 USD, OHA,

Abbreviation: OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent.

Table 5 Reliability Values for All Items (N=165, Field Test)

Items in DQoL-BCI-U	Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient (Based on Standardized Items)
	N=165	Scale When Item Deleted
How satisfied are you with your current diabetes treatment?	0.801	0.799
How satisfied are you with the amount of time it takes to manage your diabetes?		0.800
How often do you find that you eat something you should not rather than tell someone that you have diabetes?		0.817
How often do you worry about whether you will miss work?		0.787
How satisfied are you with the time it takes to determine your sugar level?		0.796
How satisfied are you with the time you spend exercising?		0.799
How often do you have a bad night’s sleep because of diabetes?		0.800
How satisfied are you with your sex life?		0.804
How often do you feel diabetes limits your career?		0.797
How often do you have pain because of the treatment for your diabetes?		0.790
How satisfied are you with the burden your diabetes is placing on your family?		0.807
How often do you feel physically ill?		0.796
How often do you worry about whether you will pass out?		0.808
How satisfied are you with time spent getting checkups for your diabetes?		0.806
How satisfied are you with your knowledge about your diabetes?		0.799

Note: Adapted with permission from Thomas E. Burroughs, PhD; Radhika Desikan, PhD; Brian M. Waterman, MPH; Debra Gilin, PhD; Janet McGill, MD. Development and Validation of the Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory, https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.17.1.41. Copyright 2004 by the American Diabetes Association.²³

Table 6 Survey Items, Rotated Factor Loading, and Communalities (n=165)

Items	Pattern Matrix							Structure Matrix							Communalities
	Component							Component							Extraction
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1.	0.017	0.040	0.049	0.720	0.181	0.239	0.005	0.024	0.042	0.069	0.716	0.215	0.224	0.040	0.612
2.	0.218	0.050	0.746	0.012	0.115	0.136	0.167	0.202	0.074	0.735	0.007	0.099	0.213	0.225	0.675
3.	0.012	0.095	0.020	0.097	0.032	0.870	0.172	0.026	0.071	0.024	0.061	0.022	0.832	0.035	0.740
4.	0.646	0.319	0.245	0.350	0.029	0.184	0.053	0.627	0.315	0.216	0.315	0.060	0.235	0.110	0.719
5.	0.179	0.044	0.700	0.071	0.138	0.230	0.239	0.262	0.013	0.705	0.060	0.205	0.234	0.291	0.697
6.	0.050	0.066	0.025	0.072	0.005	0.201	0.894	0.015	0.007	0.026	0.047	0.063	0.059	0.850	0.776
7.	0.587	0.213	0.421	0.009	0.003	0.034	0.013	0.611	0.204	0.454	0.053	0.087	0.045	0.055	0.594
8.	0.063	0.256	0.140	0.323	0.005	0.276	0.411	0.004	0.301	0.160	0.319	0.017	0.346	0.478	0.494
9.	0.006	0.237	0.039	0.035	0.597	0.065	0.022	0.039	0.275	0.054	0.050	0.615	0.071	0.071	0.440
10.	0.064	0.761	0.002	0.021	0.047	0.045	0.133	0.061	0.765	0.002	0.036	0.019	0.011	0.185	0.610
11.	0.126	0.072	0.010	0.008	0.859	0.088	0.034	0.047	0.014	0.051	0.048	0.838	0.041	0.026	0.730
12.	0.050	0.683	0.038	0.100	0.215	0.012	0.168	0.036	0.683	0.023	0.103	0.253	0.012	0.101	0.551
13.	0.323	0.239	0.119	0.482	0.300	0.071	0.147	0.403	0.213	0.164	0.501	0.319	0.076	0.178	0.569
14.	0.058	0.192	0.045	0.558	0.101	0.443	0.202	0.067	0.215	0.004	0.567	0.075	0.501	0.262	0.644
15.	0.765	0.144	0.081	0.181	0.134	0.119	0.080	0.746	0.116	0.034	0.241	0.068	0.087	0.027	0.655

Notes: KMO=0.899, Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (p<0.05). Extraction method: principal component analysis; rotation method: oblimin with Kaiser normalization.

Burroughs TE, Desikan R, Waterman BM, Gilin D, McGill J. Development and validation of the diabetes quality of life brief clinical inventory. Diabetes Spectr. 2004;17(1):41–49. doi:10.2337/diaspect.17.1.41

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