Health Care Responsiveness by Conventional, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Providers in a National Sample of Middle-Aged and Older Adults in India in 2017–2018

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Data on Poor Health System Responsiveness by Type of Last Outpatient Visit Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in India, 2017–2018

Variable	Type of Health Care Provider
	All	Conventional	AYUSH	Traditional
	N=37852	N=33615	N=2120	N=2117
	%	%	%	%
All	10.1	10.7	8.3	5.7
Age in years
45–59	10.2	10.8	10.4	4.1
60–69	9.9	10.6	5.9	6.7
70 or more	10.1	10.6	7.0	8.5
Sex
Female	10.2	10.6	9.0	6.3
Male	10.0	10.8	7.1	4.8
Education
No schooling	11.0	11.9	9.0	6.3
≥1 year	9.2	9.6	7.6	4.3
Socioeconomic status
Low	11.1	12.0	9.3	5.6
Medium	10.2	10.8	7.4	6.6
High	8.1	8.4	7.8	3.2
Health insurance
No	10.3	11.0	8.6	5.4
Yes	9.3	9.5	5.2	8.6
Residential status
Rural	10.0	10.8	8.7	5.5
Urban	10.3	10.5	6.8	8.9
Caste status
None	8.9	9.7	4.8	3.8
Caste	10.6	11.1	9.8	6.3
Religion
Hindu	10.2	10.7	8.5	6.3
Muslim	10.8	12.0	6.9	3.2
Christian	9.7	9.3	28.4	10.6
Sikh	5.4	6.8	0.0	0.5
Other	7.4	8.0	3.1	10.1
Self-rated health status
Good	9.5	10.0	7.9	5.2
Poor or fair	10.7	11.4	8.7	6.2
Chronic conditions
Zero	9.6	9.9	8.4	5.5
One	11.4	11.2	8.5	6.9
Two or more	12.7	12.9	7.0	3.9
Functional disability
No	9.5	10.3	6.6	4.3
Yes	12.8	12.4	16.4	13.1
Main purpose of visit
Treatment for illness	10.0	10.8	8.4	4.7
Treatment for injury/accident	11.8	11.5	11.3	14.1
Immunisation	14.1	13.7	11.6	25.5
Medical check-up	10.9	11.0	6.3	15.7
Consultation	9.2	9.3	6.2	7.7
Time travelled
<1 hr	9.9	10.5	7.8	5.1
≥1 hr	11.2	11.3	10.4	8.6

Table 2 Health System Responsiveness by Domain and by Type of Health Care Provider

	Conventional	AYUSH	Traditional	p-value^a
Prompt attention
Very good/good	70.2	70.5	68.9	<0.001
Moderate	24.7	25.3	29.5
Bad/very bad	5.1	4.2	1.6
Dignity
Very good/good	73.9	73.3	67.8	<0.001
Moderate	23.8	25.4	30.4
Bad/very bad	2.4	1.2	1.8
Communication
Very good/good	74.1	73.5	69.6	0.021
Moderate	22.7	24.3	27.7
Bad/very bad	3.2	2.2	2.7
Choice
Very good/good	73.4	78.3	66.0	<0.001
Moderate	23.2	19.7	31.6
Bad/very bad	3.3	2.0	2.4
Confidentiality
Very good/good	71.6	76.0	69.5	0.012
Moderate	24.7	21.8	28.0
Bad/very bad	3.7	2.2	2.5
Basic amenities
Very good/good	75.1	76.5	67.7	<0.001
Moderate	22.0	21.8	30.2
Bad/very bad	2.9	1.6	2.2

Note: ^aBased of Pearson Chi-square tests.

Table 3 Crude Odds Ratios (Based on Logistic Regression) of Poor Healthcare Responsiveness of Last Outpatient Visit by Type of Health Care Provider Among Middle- and Older Aged Adults in India, 2017–2018

Variable	Type of Health Care Provider
	All	Conventional	AYUSH	Traditional
	CrOR (95% CI)	CrOR (95% CI)	CrOR (95% CI)	CrOR (95% CI)
Type of provider
Conventional	1 (Reference)
AYUSH	0.76 (0.60, 0.95)*
Traditional	0.51 (0.37, 0.69)***
Age in years
45–59	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
60–69	0.97 (0.82, 1.13)	0.99 (0.83, 1.17)	0.54 (0.32, 0.90)*	1.67 (0.97, 2.87)
70 or more	0.99 (0.86, 1.14)	0.98 (0.84, 1.14)	0.65 (0.38, 1.12)	2.17 (1.33, 3.59)**
Sex
Female	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Male	0.98 (0.88, 1.10)	1.02 (0.91, 1.14)	0.77 (0.52, 1.15)	0.75 (0.49, 1.16)
Education
No schooling	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
≥1 year	0.82 (0.73, 0.92)***	0.79 (0.70, 0.89)***	0.83 (0.61, 1.12)	0.67 (0.41, 1.11)
Socioeconomic status
Low	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Medium	0.90 (0.80, 1.02)	0.88 (0.80, 0.99)*	0.78 (0.50, 1.22)	1.19 (0.72, 1.95)
High	0.70 (0.59, 0.83)***	0.67 (0.56, 0.80)***	0.83 (0.47, 1.47)	0.56 (0.25, 1.28)
Health insurance
No	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Yes	0.90 (0.76, 1.06)	0.85 (0.71, 1.01)	0.58 (0.30, 1.12)	1.65 (0.78, 3.50)
Residential status
Rural	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Urban	1.02 (0.84, 1.26)	0.97 (0.79, 1.20)	0.77 (0.47, 1.26)	1.67 (0.73, 3.84)
Caste status
None	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Caste	1.22 (1.05, 1.40)***	1.65 (1.00, 1.35)*	2.13 (1.35, 3.36)***	1.73 (0.85, 3.53)
Religion
Hindu	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Muslim	1.07 (0.85, 1.34)	1.13 (0.89, 1.45)	0.79 (0.44, 1.43)	0.49 (0.21, 1.14)
Christian	0.94 (0.66. 1.35)	0.85 (0.59, 1.23)	4.26 (1.38, 13.16)*	1.67 (0.49, 5.71)
Sikh	0.51 (0.37, 0.69)***	0.53 (0.39, 0.73)**	—	0.07 (0.01, 0.46)**
Other	0.71 (0.74, 1.15)	0.72 (0.43, 1.22)	0.34 (0.05, 2.33)	1.68 (0.26, 10.86)
Self-rated health status (poor or fair) (base=good)	1.14 (1.02, 1.28)*	1.16 (1.04, 1.29)**	1.12 (0.65, 1.92)	1.22 (0.75, 1.96)
Chronic conditions
Zero	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
One	1.10 (0.94, 1.30)	1.14 (0.96, 1.38)	1.02 (0.71, 1.46)	1.27 (0.79, 2.06)
Two or more	1.37 (1.08, 1.72)**	1.35 (1.10, 1.65)**	0.82 (0.45, 1.52)	0.70 (0.25, 1.93)
Functional disability	1.39 (1.16, 1.66)***	1.23 (1.00, 1.51)*	2.79 (1.88, 4.15)***	3.34 (1.99, 5.60)***
Main purpose of visit
Treatment for illness	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Treatment for injury/accident	1.20 (0.89, 1.57)	1.08 (0.82, 1.43)	1.44 (0.52, 3.80)	3.33 (1.40, 7.92)**
Immunisation	1.48 (1.15, 1.92)**	1.32 (1.02, 1.70)*	1.43 (0.46, 4.44)	6.95 (2.55, 18.93)***
Medical check-up	1.10 (0.82, 1.48)	1.02 (1.75, 1.40)	0.74 (0.24, 2.24)	3.79 (1.06, 13.69)*
Consultation	0.91 (0.76, 1.09)	0.85 (0.70, 1.02)	0.73 (0.38, 1.37)	1.69 (0.52, 5.54)
Time travelled (≥1 hr) (base=<1hr)	1.15 (0.97, 1.36)	1.08 (0.90, 1.30)	1.38 (0.89, 2.14)	1.73 (0.89, 3.37)

Note: ***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05.

Abbreviations: CrOR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Adjusted Odds Ratios (Based on Logistic Regression) of Poor Health Care Responsiveness of Last Outpatient Visit by Type of Health Care Provider Among Middle- and Older Aged Adults in India, 2017–2018

Variable	Type of Health Care Provider
	All	Conventional	AYUSH	Traditional
	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Type of health care provider
Conventional	1 (Reference)
AYUSH	0.74 (0.58, 0.93)*
Traditional	0.47 (0.34, 0.64)***
Age in years
45–59	—	—	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
60–69			0.45 (0.26, 0.77)**	1.41 (0.83, 2.41)
70 or more			0.43 (0.22, 0.81)**	1.68 (1.03, 2.73)*
Education
No schooling	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	—	—
≥1 year	0.87 (0.78, 0.98)*	0.86 (0.76, 0.97)*
Socioeconomic status
Low	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	—	—
Medium	0.96 (0.85, 1.08)	0.94 (0.83, 1.07)
High	0.74 (0.62, 0.88)***	0.73 (0.61, 0.88)***
Caste status
None	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	—
Caste	1.17 (1.01, 1.36)*	1.11 (0.98, 1.29)	2.17 (1.37, 3.45)***
Religion
Hindu	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Muslim	1.08 (0.84, 1.40)	1.11 (0.85, 1.46)	0.78 (0.40, 1.55)	0.48 (0.20, 1.14)
Christian	0.87 (0.59, 1.28)	0.84 (0.56, 1.25)	3.77 (1.02, 13.92)*	1.91 (0.46, 7.82)
Sikh	0.52 (0.38, 0.72)***	0.55 (0.40, 0.77)***	—	0.06 (0.009, 0.43)**
Other	0.67 (0.41, 1.10)	0.70 (0.41, 1.18)	0.24 (0.03, 1.98)	2.14 (0.34, 11.93)
Self-rated health status (poor or fair) (base=good)	1.07 (0.95, 1.20)	1.08 (0.96, 1.21)	—	—
Chronic conditions
Zero	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	—	—
One	1.09 (0.94, 1.28)	1.18 (1.00, 1.40)
Two or more	1.38 (1.08, 1.77)**	1.43 (1.16, 1.78)***
Functional disability	1.32 (1.11, 1.58)**	1.17 (0.96, 1.44)	3.87 (2.41, 6.21)***	3.40 (1.98, 5.84)***
Main purpose of visit
Treatment for illness	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	—	1 (Reference)
Treatment for injury/accident	1.16 (0.88, 1.53)	1.07 (0.80, 1.43)		3.11 (1.22, 7.93)*
Immunisation	1.45 (1.11, 1.96)**	1.31 (1.00, 1.71)*		8.56 (3.15, 23.27)***
Medical check-up	1.07 (0.79, 1.46)	1.03 (0.74, 1.42)		3.59 (0.84, 15.31)
Consultation	0.84 (0.69, 1.07)	0.84 (0.68, 1.03)		2.47 (0.71, 8.53)

Note: ***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.