Survival Time to COVID-19 Severity and Its Predictors in South Gondar Zone, North-West Ethiopia: A Prospective Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Subjects Admitted to South Gondar Zone COVID-19 Treatment Centers

Variable	Category	Survival Status		Total
		Censored	Event
		No	No	No (%)
Age category	18–30	77	13	90 (44.6)
	31–40	29	3	32 (15.8)
	41–50	4	6	10 (5.0)
	51–60	9	16	25 (12.4)
	>60	3	42	45 (22.2)
Sex	Male	101	62	163 (80.7)
	Female	21	18	39 (19.3)
Religion	Christian	119	3	189 (93.6)
	Muslim	70	10	13 (6.4)
Marital status	Single	43	79	44 (21.8)
	Married	1	79	158 (78.2)
Residency	Urban	45	77	77 (38.1)
	Rural	32	48	125 (61.9)
Educational status	No formal education	9	59	19 (9.4)
	Primary education	10	18	34 (16.8)
	Secondary education	19	35	77 (38.1)
	Higher education	15	37	72 (35.7)
Occupational status	Housewife	7	19	26 (12.9)
	Private employee	19	5	24 (11.9)
	Government employee	39	25	64 (31.7)
	Farmer	23	20	43 (21.3)
	Merchant	17	10	27 (13.3)
	Student	17	1	18 (8.9)

Table 2 Life Style Characteristics of Study Participants in South Gondar Zone Treatment Centers

Variable	Category	Survival Status		Total
		Censored	Event	No (%)
		No	No
Alcohol intake history	Yes	42	19	61 (30.2)
	No	80	61	141 (69.8)
Cigarette smoking history	Yes	2	0	2 (1)
	No	120	80	200 (99)
Have you ever given birth?	Yes	9	18	27 (69.2)
	No	12	0	12 (30.8)
Pregnancy status	Pregnant	0	6	6 (15.4)
	Not pregnant	21	12	33 (84.6)
History of contraceptive use	Yes	13	12	25 (64.1)
	No	8	6	14 (35.9)

Table 3 Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Covid 19 Patients Admitted to South Gondar Zone Treatment Centers

Variables	Category	Survival Status			Total
		Censored	Event
		No	No		No (%)
Medical history
Comorbidity	Yes	27		43	70 (34.6)
	No	95		37	132 (65.4)
HIV status	Positive	2		13	15 (7.4)
	Negative	120		67	187 (92.6)
Hypertension	Yes	10		17	27 (13.4)
	No	112		63	175 (86.6)
Heart disease	Yes	9		30	39 (19.3)
	No	113		50	163 (80.7)
Asthma	Yes	5		5	10 (5)
	No	116		75	191 (95)
Diabetes mellites	Yes	12		13	25 (12.4)
	No	110		67	177 (87.6)
Co-infection	Yes	12		48	60 (29.7)
	No	110		32	142 (70.3)
Type of co-infection	Community-acquired	12		32	44 (73.3)
	Pneumonia
	Aspiration pneumonia	0		13	13 (21.7)
	Pyogenic meningitis	0		3	3 (5)
Signs and Symptoms at presentation
More than one symptom	Yes	50		78	128 (63.4)
	No	72		2	74 (36.3)
Cough	Yes	41		68	109 (54)
	No	81		12	93 (46)
Fever	Yes	18		29	47 (23.3)
	No	104		51	154 (76.7)
Weakness	Yes	18		38	56 (27.7)
	No	104		42	146 (72.3)
High blood pressure	Yes	13		20	33 (16.4)
	No	109		60	169 (83.6)
High temperature	Yes	4		24	28 (11.9)
	No	118		56	174 (88.1)

Table 4 Baseline Laboratory Parameters of COVID-19 Patients Admitted to South Gondar Zone Treatment Centers

Variable	Category	Survival Status		Total
		Censored	Event
		No	No	No (%)
WBC	Normal range	117	61	178 (88.1)
	Higher to normal	5	19	24 (11.9)
Platelet	Normal range	113	69	182 (90)
	Low platelet	9	11	20 (10)
Lymphocyte count	Normal range	102	19	121 (59.9)
	Higher to normal	20	61	81 (40.1)
Neutrophil count	Normal range	120	69	189 (93.5)
	Higher to normal	2	11	13 (6.5)
Bilirubin	Normal range	115	76	191 (94.5)
	Higher to normal	7	4	11 (5.5)
Creatinine	Normal range	121	64	185 (91.6)
	Higher to normal	1	16	17 (8.4)

Figure 1 Overall Kaplan–Meier survival probability curve.

Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for alcohol consumption.

Figure 3 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for residence.

Figure 4 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for comorbidity.

Figure 5 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for sex.

Figure 6 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for blood pressure.

Figure 7 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for body temperature.

Table 5 Multivariable Cox Regression Analysis of Median Severity Time and Its Predictors Among Patients Admitted with COVID-19 Cases in South Gondar Zone Treatment Centers, 2021

Variables	Category	Disease Severity Status		CHR, 95% CI	AHR with 95% CI	P-value
		Severe	Not Severe
Age	18–30	77	13	1	1
	31–40	29	3	0.5 (0.15–1.90)	0.38 (0.07–1.92)	0.24
	41–50	4	6	3.2 (1.2–8.6)	0.22 (0.03–1.44)	0.11
	51–60	9	16	7.0 (3.2–14.9)	3.59 (1.05–12.23)	0.04*
	>60	3	42	7.4 (3.9–14.1)	2.11 (1.09–12.67)	0.03*
Sex	Male	101	62	1.9 (1.1–3.3)	1.15 (0.39–3.39)	0.79
	Female	21	18
Residence	Urban	45	77	1.34 (0.86–2.10)	1.92 (0.86–3.46)	0.32
	Rural	32	48
Presence of cough	Yes	41	68	4.49 (2.42–8.33)	1.61 (0.55–4.6)	0.37
	No	81	12
Comorbidity	Yes	27	43	2.90 (1.86–4.53)	3.26 (1.48–7.18)	0.03*
	No	95	37
Co-infection	Yes	12	48	4.09 (2.60–6.44)	1.75 (0.76–4.01)	0.18
	No	110	32
High Blood pressure	Yes	13	20	3.57 (1.94–6.55)	4.36 (1.99–9.54)	0.001*
	No	109	60
High temperature	Yes	4	24	4.27 (2.37–7.68)	5.6 (2.55–12.46)	0.001*
	No	118	56
Lymphocyte count	Higher r	20	61	3.99 (2.37–6.70)	1.19 (0.42–3.37)	0.73
	Normal r	102	19

Note: *Statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: AHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CHR, crude hazard ratio.