Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from Hotspot Environments in Bahir Dar City, Northwestern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Distribution, Number of Positive and Negative Waste Samples Taken from Hotspot Environments, Bahir Dar City, 2021

Hotspot Environments	Total Samples N (%)	Positive Samples N (%)	Negative Samples N (%)
Poultry waste	36 (28.6)	35 (27.8)	1 (0.8)
Municipal wastewater	18 (14.3)	16 (12.7)	2 (1.6)
Medical wastewater	18 (14.3)	18 (14.3)	0 (0)
Dairy waste and wastewater	36 (28.6)	34 (27)	2 (1.6)
Beef waste and wastewater	18 (14.3)	13 (10.3)	5 (3.9)
Total	126 (100)	116 (92.1)	10 (7.9)

Table 2 Proportion and Types of Bacterial Isolates at Each Hotspot Environment in Bahir Dar City, 2021

Bacterial Isolates	Poultry Waste N (%)	Municipal Wastewater N (%)	Medical Wastewater N (%)	Dairy Waste and Wastewater N (%)	Beef waste and Wastewater N (%)	Total N (%)
S. aureus	13 (16.3)	19 (23.8)	24 (30)	13 (16.3)	3 (3.8)	72 (17.1)
E. coli	24 (29.3)	12 (14.6)	26 (31.7)	18 (22)	2 (2.4)	82 (19.5)
Salmonella spp.	9 (24.3)	8 (21.6)	4 (10.8)	14 (37.8)	2 (5.4)	37 (8.8)
Pseudomonas spp.	7 (9.7)	15 (20.8)	24 (33.3)	24 (33.3)	2 (2.8)	72 (17.1)
Citrobacter spp.	5 (9.3)	10 (18.5) 11	20 (37)	13 (24.1)	5 (9.3)	53 (12.6)
Klebsiella spp.	5 (27.8)	3 (16.7)	8 (44.4)	2 (11.1)	0 (0)	18 (4.3)
Proteus spp.	5 (25)	6 (30)	9 (45)	0 (0)	0 (0)	20 (4.8)
Others spp.	13 (22.8)	19 (33.3)	7 (12.3)	18 (31.6)	0 (0)	57 (13.6)
Total N (%)	81 (19.7)	92 (22.4)	122 (29.7)	102 (24.8)	14 (3.4)	411 (100)

Table 3 Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Each Bacterium Isolated from Hotspot Environments Against Tested Antibiotics in Bahir Dar City, 2021

Bacterial Isolates (N)	Antibiotics
	E N (%)	CIP N (%)	NX N (%)	C N (%)	AMP N (%)	TE N (%)	COT N (%)	GEN N (%)
S. aureus (72)	29 (40.3)	2 (2.8)	4 (5.6)	10 (13.9)	69 (95.8)	41 (56.9)	30 (41.7)	1 (1.4)
E. coli (82)	32 (39)	22 (26.8)	19 (23.2)	35 (42.7)	56 (68.3)	58 (70.7)	51 (62.2)	31 (37.8)
Salmonella spp. (37)	13 (35.1)	5 (13.5)	4 (10.8)	13 (35.1)	32 (86.5)	15 (40.5)	22 (59.5)	2 (5.4)
Pseudomonas spp. (72)	39 (54.2)	39 (54.2)	15 (20.8)	12 (16.7)	26 (36.1)	48 (66.7)	38 (52.8)	42 (58.3)
Citrobacter spp. (53)	20 (37.7)	20 (37.7)	5 (9.4)	2 (3.8)	12 (22.6)	46 (86.8)	16 (30.2)	27 (50.9)
Klebsiella spp. (18)	10 (55.6)	10 (55.6)	7 (38.9)	6 (33.3)	6 (33.3)	15 (83.3)	12 (66.7)	11 (61.1)
Proteus spp. (20)	5 (25)	2 (10)	1 (5)	7 (35)	15 (75)	5 (25)	13 (65)	3 (15)
Other bacteria (57)	18 (31.6)	5 (8.8)	1 (1.8)	14 (24.6)	47 (82.5)	28 (49.1)	23 (40.4)	4 (7)
Total (411)	166 (40.4)	105 (25.5)	56 (13.6)	99 (24.1)	263 (64)	256 (62.3)	205 (49.9)	121 (29.4)
P - value	0.106	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.002	0.000

Abbreviations: E, erythromycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; NX, norfloxacin; C, chloramphenicol; AMP, ampicillin; TE, tetracycline; COT, co-trimoxazole; GEN, gentamicin.

Table 4 Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Isolates Isolated from Each Hotspot Environment in Bahir Dar City, 2021

Number of Isolates in the Hotspot Environments	E N (%)	CIP N (%)	NX N (%)	C N (%)	AMP N (%)	TE N (%)	COT N (%)	GEN N (%)	MARI
Poultry wastes (n= 81)	22 (27.2)	10 (12.3)	5 (6.2)	25 (30.9)	57 (70.4)	60 (74.1)	40 (49.4)	15 (18.5)	0.353
Municipal wastewater (n=92)	24 (26.1)	14 (15.2)	7 (7.6)	16 (17.4)	54 (58.7)	45 (48.9)	50 (54.3)	21 (22.8)	0.332
Medical wastewater (n=122)	73 (59.8)	54 (44.3)	43 (35.2)	37 (30.3)	76 (62.3)	85 (69.7)	77 (63.1)	55 (45.1)	0.477
Dairy wastes and wastewater (n=102)	38 (37.3)	20 (19.6)	0 (0)	16 (15.7)	68 (66.7)	54 (52.9)	29 (28.4)	25 (24.5)	0.347
Beef wastes and wastewater (n=14)	9 (64.3)	7 (50)	1 (7.1)	5 (35.7)	8 (57.1)	12 (85.7)	9 (64.3)	5 (35.7)	0.412
Total (411)	166 (40.4)	105 (25.5)	56 (13.6)	99 (24.1)	263 (64)	256 (62.3)	205 (49.9)	121 (29.4)
P	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.018	0.508	0.000	0.000	0.000

Abbreviations: E, erythromycin; NX, norfloxacin; TE, tetracycline; C, chloramphenicol; CIP, ciprofloxacin; AMP, ampicillin; COT, co-trimoxazole; GEN, gentamicin.

Figure 1 Multidrug resistance profiles of bacterial isolates isolated from hotspot environments in Bahir Dar City, 2021

Abbreviations: R0,  susceptible to all antibiotics tested; R1,  resistant to 1 antibiotic; R2,  resistant to 2 antibiotics; R3,  resistant to 3 antibiotics; R4,  resistant to 4 antibiotics; R5, resistant to 5; R6, resistant to 6; R7, resistant to 7; R8, resistant to 8; ABR, antibiotic resistance; MDR, multidrug resistance; XDR, extensively drug-resistant; PDR, pan-drug resistant.

Figure 2 Multidrug resistance profiles of bacterial isolates by sample sources in Bahir Dar City, 2021

Abbreviations: R0,  susceptible to all antibiotics tested; R1, resistance to 1 antibiotic; R2,  resistance to 2 antibiotics; R3,  resistance to 3 antibiotics; R4, resistance to 4 antibiotics; R5, resistance to 5; R6, resistance to 6; R7, resistance to 7; R8, resistance to 8; ABR, antibiotic resistance; MDR, multidrug resistance; XDR, extensively drug-resistant; PDR, pan-drug resistant.