Intestinal Flora Derived Metabolites Affect the Occurrence and Development of Cardiovascular Disease

Figures & data

Figure 1 Overview of intestinal flora metabolites and cardiovascular diseases.⁸⁴

Figure 2 Metabolic process of TMAO in vivo. Metabolism of TMAO: (I) TMA is absorbed into blood and oxidized to TMAO; (II) Excretion pathway of TMAO and other metabolites; (III) Metabolic reversal.^15,21–23

Figure 3 Multiple mechanisms of TMAO involved in CVD. (I) Delaying the action time of Ang - II, leading to continuous arterial spasm and activating MMP-2 pathway and ET-1; (II) Increase the expression of downstream inflammatory factors and ET-1 through MAPK pathway; (III) Activate TGF- β/ Smad pathway mediates fibrosis; (IV) Affect platelet function, increase blood lipid and blood viscosity.^25–33

Sanchez-Gimenez R, Ahmed-Khodja W, Molina Y, et al. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites and cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2654. doi:10.3390/nu14132654

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