Is It Important to Increase Physical Activity Among University Students During the Second-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic in Asian Countries? A Cross-Sectional Study of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Asian Countries

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristic Data of the Research Subjects

Variable	n=458	%
Country
– Indonesia	383	83.6
– India	56	12.2
– Malaysia	15	3.2
– Nepal	3	0.7
– Somalia	1	0.2
Gender
– Male	138	30.1
– Female	320	69.9
Age (years old)
– 18–20	281	61.4
– 21–23	164	35.8
– 24–26	13	2.8
Body Mass Index (kg/m^2)
– Less than 18.5	58	12.7
– 18.5–22.9	208	45.4
– 23–24.9	80	17.5
– 25–30	80	17.6
– More than 30	32	7
Height (cm)
Male
– Less than 160	7	5.1
– 160–170	73	52.9
– More than 170	58	42
Female
– Less than 155	52	16.3
– 155–160	150	46.9
– More than 160	118	36.9

Note: Categorical data were presented on several subjects and percentages.

Table 2 Frequency Distribution of Exercise Habit

Variable	n=458	%
Do you do your exercise routinely?
– Sometimes	280	61.1
– Yes	106	23.1
– No	72	15.7
What is the goal of exercising
– Health performance	260	56.8
– Maintain endurance	120	26.2
– Train muscle mass	78	17
What kind of sports do you often do
– Aerobics	281	61.4
– Aerobics and anaerobic	164	35.8
– Anaerobic	13	2.8
Where do you usually exercise
– House	354	77.3
– Public facilities	84	18.3
– Fitness center	20	4.4
Who do you usually exercise with
– Alone	338	73.8
– Friends	93	20.3
– Personal trainer	15	3.3
– Family	12	2.6
What things keep you away from exercise
– Busy class schedule	236	51.5
– Do not have free time	165	36.0
– No friends to exercise with	36	7.9
– When the weather is not good	21	4.6
Where did you get your knowledge about sports
– Internet/social media	422	92.1
– Book	31	6.8
– Newspaper	5	1.1

Note: Categorical data were presented on several subjects and percentages.

Table 3 Frequency Distribution of Exercise Knowledge

Variable	n=458	%
What is the meaning of exercise?
– Planned, structured, and repetitive physical activity	406	88.6
– Planned, dependent, and repetitive physical activity	36	7.9
– Unplanned, structured, and repetitive physical activity	16	3.5
From where do you judge that the exercise you do is enough?
– Pulse per minutes	203	44.3
– Much sweat	135	29.5
– Heavy breathing	120	26.2
What is the main source of energy for exercise?
– Carbohydrate	312	68.1
– Protein	116	25.3
– Mineral	30	6.6
What are the types of aerobic exercise
– Swimming	381	83.2
– Football	50	10.9
– Basketball	27	5.9
What are the types of anaerobic exercise
– Basketball	204	44.5
– Jogging	130	28.4
– Running	124	27.1
Where did you get your knowledge about sports?
– Internet or social media	420	91.7
– Book	32	7.0
– Newspaper	6	1.3
What is the average duration of high– intensity exercise per week?
– 150 minutes per week	90	19.7
– 300 minutes per week	176	38.4
– 450 minutes per week	192	41.9
What is the average duration of low– intensity exercise in a week?
– 75 minutes per week	355	77.5
– 150 minutes per week	93	20.3
– 300 minutes per week	10	2.2
In addition to maintaining endurance, the benefits of exercising can be used as?
– Recreation	103	22.5
– Fill the free time	220	48
– All answers are wrong	135	29.5
In your opinion, when is the most effective time to exercise
– Morning	334	72.9
– Midday	26	5.7
– Evening	98	21.4

Note: Categorical data were presented in several subjects and percentages.

Table 4 Frequency Distribution of Exercise Attitudes

Variable	n=458	%
I prefer to fill my free time with other things than exercise
– Agree	277	60.5
– Disagree	181	39.5
I exercise to keep my body fit and to avoid diseases
– Agree	444	96.9
– Disagree	14	3.1
I feel my body is fit if I do exercise regularly
– Agree	439	95.9
– Disagree	19	4.1
I set a particular schedule to be able to exercise
– Agree	311	67.9
– Disagree	147	32.1
My goal is to exercise to achieve an achievement
– Agree	289	63.1
– Disagree	169	36.9
I think that exercising is an activity that must be done regularly
– Agree	440	96.1
– Disagree	18	3.9
I think exercise can have a positive impact on us
– Agree	456	99.6
– Disagree	2	0.4
I think exercise can be done anywhere and anytime
– Agree	345	75.3
– Disagree	113	24.7
I need a friend or companion when I exercise so I do not feel bored
– Agree	236	51.5
– Disagree	222	48.5
I think about 150 minutes of exercise per week is enough
– Agree	398	86.9
– Disagree	60	13.1

Note: Categorical data were presented in several subjects and percentages.

Table 5 Frequency Distribution of Exercise Action

Variable	n=458	%
How much time do you spend exercising in a day
– Less than 15 minutes	216	47.2
– Less than 30 minutes	179	39.1
– Less than 60 minutes	63	13.8
How long do you need to warm up before exercising
– Less than 5 minutes	349	76.2
– Less than 10 minutes	103	22.5
– Less than 30 minutes	6	1.3
At what time do you often exercise
– Morning	202	44.1
– Afternoon	175	38.2
– Evening	81	17.7
What actions do you take before exercising
– Warm– up	413	90.2
– Drink water	28	6.1
– Eat	17	3.7
What do you take after exercising
– Mineral water	411	89.7
– Energy drink	38	8.3
– Food	9	2.0
How many times did you exercise in the last seven days?
– 1–4 times	280	61.1
– 5–7 times	44	9.6
– There is no time	134	29.3
How much time do you need to rest after you finish exercising
– Less than 15 minutes	257	56.1
– Less than 30 minutes	158	34.5
– Less than 60 minutes	43	9.4
What actions do you take to avoid injury while exercising?
– Warm– up before exercise	118	25.8
– Cool down after exercise	28	6.1
– Do both	312	68.1
What actions do you take to support your sports performance?
– Scheduling exercises in a structured way	160	34.9
– Taking vitamins and supplements	50	10.9
– All the answers are correct	248	54.1
What sports do you usually do to keep your body fit
– Aerobics	407	88.9
– Anaerobic	51	11.1
– Aerobics and anaerobic	0	0

Note: Categorical data were presented in several subjects and percentages.

Table 6 Association Between Knowledge and Attitudes

Levels of Variables		Attitudes		p
		n(%)
		Negative	Positive
Knowledge n(%)	Low	3 (17.6)	14 (82.4)	0.003
	Medium	21 (9.5)	199 (90.5)
	High	6 (2.7)	215 (97.3)
Total		30 (6.6)	428 (93.4)

Note: Categorical data are presented as the number of the subject and percentage. Associations between each variable were found using the Chi-square test.

Table 7 Associations Between Knowledge and Practices

Levels of Variables		Practice n(%)			p
		Poor	Fair	Good
Knowledge n(%)	Low	2 (11.8)	10 (58.8)	5 (29.4)	0.227
	Medium	19 (8.6)	126 (57.3)	75 (34.1)
	High	8 (3.6)	134 (60.6)	79 (35.7)
Total		29 (6.3)	270 (59)	159 (34.7)

Notes: Categorical data are presented as the number of the subject and percentage. Associations between each variable were found using the Chi-square test.

Table 8 Associations Between Attitudes and Practice

Levels of Variables		Practice n(%)			p
		Poor	Fair	Good
Attitudes n(%)	Negative	2 (6.7)	23 (76.7)	5 (16.7)	0.094
	Positive	27 (6.3)	247 (57.7)	154 (36)
Total		29 (6.3)	270 (59)	159 (34.7)

Notes: Categorical data are presented as the number of the subject and percentage. Associations between each variable were found using the Chi-square test.