Time to Recovery of Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients and its Predictors: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Tigray, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Background Characteristics of 139 Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients Admitted to Treatment Centers of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Recovered (n=83)	Dead (n=56)	Total (n=139)	Median Recovery Time Point Estimate (days)	Log Rank Test (P-value)
Total	83(59.7%)	56(40.3%)	139(100.0%)	26(24, 27)
Age in years					0.003
<40	60(79.5%)	17(30.4%)	77(55.4%)	24(19, 26)
40–59	14(16.9%)	12(21.4%)	26(18.7%)	28(27, 29)
60+	9(10.8%)	27(48.2%)	36(25.9%)	28(26, 34)
Gender					0.259
Female	17(20.5%)	15(26.9%)	32(23.0%)	21(18, 27)
Male	66(79.5%)	41(73.2%)	107(77.0%)	27(25, 28)
Travel history					0.480
No	64(77.1%)	47(83.9%)	111(79.9%)	26 (24, 27)
Yes	19(22.9%)	9(16.1%)	28(20.1%)	24 (18, 29)
Source of Infection					0.081
Community	42(50.6%)	42(75.0%)	84(60.4%)	27(26, 28)
Contact	24(28.9%)	6(10.7%)	30(21.6%)	21 (18, 26)
Imported	17(20.5%)	8(14.3%)	25(18.0%)	24(18, 30)

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of 139 Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Recovered (n=83)	Dead (n=56)	Total (n=139)	Median Recovery Time Point Estimate (95% CI)	Log Rank Test (p-value)
Total	83(59.7%)	56(40.3%)	39(100.0%)	26(23, 27)
Temperature at admission					0.095
< 37.3	71(85.5%)	29(51.9%)	100(71.9%)	25(23, 27)
≥ 37.3	12(14.5%)	27(48.2%)	39(28.1%)	28(26, 30)
Sign or symptom status					<0.001
No	42(50.6%)	12(21.4%)	54(38.8%)	18(18, 22)
Yes	41(49.4%)	44(78.6%)	85(61.2%)	28(27, 28)
Fever symptom					0.003
No	61(73.5%)	33(58.9%)	94(67.6%)	23(18, 27)
Yes	22(26.5%)	23(41.1%)	45(32.4%)	28(26, 29)
Cough symptom					<0.001
No	50(60.2%)	16(28.6%)	66(47.5%)	21(18, 24)
Yes	33(39.8%)	40(71.4%)	73(52.5%)	28(27, 28)
Shortness of breath symptom					<0.001
No	47(56.6%)	12(21.4%)	59(42.5%)	18(18, 22)
Yes	36(43.4%)	44(78.6%)	80(57.5%)	28(27, 29)
Sore throat symptom					0.076
No	70(84.3%)	40(71.4%)	110(79.1%)	25(21, 27)
Yes	13(15.7%)	16(28.6%)	29(20.9%)	28(26, 29)
Headache symptom					0.002
No	66(79.5%)	41(73.2%)	107(77.0%)	24(21, 27)
Yes	17(20.5%)	15(26.8%)	32(23.0%)	28(26, 30)
Body weakness symptom					<0.001
No	62(74.7%)	26(46.4%)	88(63.3%)	23(18, 26)
Yes	21(25.3%)	30(53.6%)	51(36.7%)	27(27, 30)
Pain symptom					<0.001
No	63(75.9%)	37(66.1%)	100(71.9%)	23(19, 26)
Yes	20(24.1%)	19(33.9%)	39(28.1%)	28(27, 30)
Presence of comorbidity					<0.001
No comorbidity	68(81.9%)	31(55.4%)	99(71.2%)	24(21, 27)
At least one comorbidity	15(18.1%)	25(44.6%)	40(28.8%)	32(29, 25)

Figure 1 Types of underline comorbidity of severely ill COVID-19 patients in Tigray, 2020. *Cardiovascular diseases included hypertension and heart failure. **Other diseases include traumatic injury, HIV, malignancy, hepatitis, cancer, rabies, smoker, peptic ulcer disease.

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier survival estimate for time to recovery among severely ill COVID-19 patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.

Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier survival estimate for time to recovery among patients with and without comorbidity.

Table 3 Predictors of Time to Recovery Among Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients in Tigray Region, 2020

Variables	CHR (95% CI)	P-value	AHR (95% CI)	P-value
Sex
Female	1.33(0.78, 2.27)	0.300
Male(ref.)	1
Age in years
<40	2.50(1.23, 5.09)	0.011	4.09(1.58, 10.61)	0.004
40–59	1.36(0.58, 3.17)	0.480	1.86(0.84, 3.80)	0.224
60+ (ref.)	1		1
Presence of fever
No	1.99(1.21, 3.28)	0.007	1.79(0.84, 3.80)	0.129
Yes(ref.)	1		1
Presence of cough
No	2.02(1.29, 3.17)	0.002	0.60(0.29, 1.22)	0.159
Yes(ref.)	1		1
Presence of shortness of breath
No	4.01(2.46, 6.51)	<0.001	2.07(1.08, 3.98)	0.028
Yes(ref.)	1		1
Presence of sore throat
No	1.63(0.90, 2.95)	0.107	0.87(0.33, 2.31)	0.781
Yes(ref.)	1		1
Presence of headache
No	2.12(1.23, 3.64)	0.006	0.56(0.23, 1.35)	0.194
Yes(ref.)	1		1
Presence of body weakness
No	3.21(1.88, 5.50)	<0.001	2.62(1.20, 5.72)	0.016
Yes(ref.)	1		1
Presence of pain
No	2.29(1.36, 3.87)	0.002	2.03(0.97, 4.26)	0.061
Yes(ref.)	1		1
Presence of comorbidity
No	3.48(1.88, 6.45)	<0.001	2.48(1.18, 5.24)	0.017
Yes(ref.)	1		1
Temperature
< 37.3	1.64(0.87, 3.10)	0.129	0.83(0.41, 1.70)	0.618
≥ 37.3(ref.)	1		1