Dyslipidemia and Its Associated Factors Among Helicobacter pylori-Infected Patients Attending at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, North-West Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic, Behavioral and Anthropometric Characteristics of Study Participants Characteristics of Study Subjects (N=231, UGCSH, Gondar, 2021) (Pearson’s Chi-Square Test)

Variables	Category	H. pylori Positive, N=117N (%)	Control, N=114N (%)	Total,N=231N (%)	p-value
Age group	<40 years	68(58.1)	96(84.2)	164(71)	0.060
	≥40 years	49(41.9)	18(15.8)	67(29)
Sex	Male	53(45.3)	61(53.5)	114(49.4)	0.486
	Female	64(54.7)	53(46.5)	117(50.6)
Residence	Rural	62(52.99)	14(12.3)	76(32.9)	0.214
	Urban	55(47.01)	100(87.7)	155(67.1)
Education status	Illiterate	41(35.0)	13(11.4)	54(23.4)	<0.001
	Primary	30(25.6)	6(5.3))	36(15.5)
	Secondary	12(10.3)	55(48.2)	67(29.0)
	≥College	34(29.1)	40(35.1)	74(32.0)
Occupation	Student	26(22.2)	51(44.7)	77(33.3)	0.221
	Farmer	23(19.7)	6(5.3)	29(12.6)
	Merchant	5(4.3)	10(8.8)	15(6.5)
	House wife	37(31.6)	15(13.2)	52(22.5)
	Gov’t employee	18(15.4)	24(21.0)	42(18.2)
	Private and others^a	8(6.8)	8(7.0)	16(6.9)
Marital status	Single	32(27.4)	59(51.8)	91(39.4)	0.119
	Married	74(63.2)	47(41.2)	121(52.4)
	Separated^b	11(9.4)	8(7.0)	19(8.2)
Physical exercise	Yes	16(13.7)	19(16.7)	35(15.2)	0.25
	No	101(86.3)	95(83.3)	196(84.8)
Body mass index	18.5–24.99 kg/m^2	91(77.8)	93(81.6)	184(79.7)	0.309
	≥25 kg/m^2	6(5.1)	11(9.6)	17(7.4)
	<18.5 kg/m^2	20(17.1)	10(8.8)	30(13.0)
Alcohol drinking	Yes	10(8.5)	7(6.10	17(7.4)	<0.001
	No	107(91.5)	107(93.9)	214(92.6)
Waist circumference	<94 cm	106(90.6)	109(95.6)	215(93.7)	0.113
	≥94 cm	11(9.4)	5(4.4)	16(6.3)
Hip circumference	<102 cm	97(82.9)	109(95.6)	206(89.2)	0.020
	≥102 cm	20(17.1)	5(4.4)	25(10.8)
Cigarette smoking	Yes	1(0.9)	0	1(0.4)	0.440
	No	116(99.1)	114(100)	230(99.6)
Khat chewing	Yes	0	2(1.8)	2(0.9)	0.065
	No	117(100)	112(98.2)	229(99.1)

Note: ^aothers= priest, ^bseparated (divorced and widowed).

Table 2 Dyslipidemia Among H. pylori-Positive Patients and Control Groups (N=231 at UGCSH, Gondar, 2021)

Lipid Profiles	H. pylori Status				Total
	Positive		Control
	N (%)	95% CI	N (%)	95% CI	N (%)	95% CI
Decreased HDL-C	53(45.3%)	36.1–54.8	54(47.4)	37.9–56.9	107(46.3)	39.8–53
Increased LDL-C	41(35)	26.5–44.4	11(9.6)	4.9–16.6	52(22.5)	17.3–29.4
Hypercholesterolemia	12(10.3)	3.4–11.2	9(7.9)	0–4.8	21(9.1)	3.0–9.4
Hypertriglyceridemia	12(10.3)	3.4–11.2	1(0.9)	3.1–13.4	13(5.6)	5.4–13.1
Total dyslipidemia	84(71.8)	62.7–79.7	61(53.5)	43.9–62.9	145(62.8)	56.2–69

Table 3 Multivariate and Bivariate Logistic Regression Analysis to Identify Associated Factors of Dyslipidemia Among Study Participants (N=231, Gondar, 2021)

Variables		Dyslipidemia		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
		Yes	No
Age	<40 years	93	71	1	1
	≥40 years	52	15	2.647 (1.379–5.081)**	1.6779(0.692–4.063)	0.081
Sex	Male	69	45	1	1	1
	Female	76	41	1.209(0.709–2.602)	0.860(0.364–2.033)	0.409
Marital status	Single	50	41	1	1	1
	Married	81	40	1.660(0.948–2.908)	1.328(0.611–2.887)	0.097
	Separated	14	5	2.296(0.763–6.908)	1.329(0.360–4.906)	0.099
Residence	Rural	52	24	1	1	1
	Urban	93	62	0.692(0.387–1.237)	2.308(0.869–6.128)	0.050
Education status	Unable to read and write	41	13	4.139(1.907–8.985)***	4.413(1.384–14.077)**	0.012*
	Primary	26	10	3.412(1.441–8.082)**	3.607(1.026–9.170)	0.045*
	Secondary	46	21	2.875(1.440–5.740)**	4.787(2.167–10.571)	<0.001***
	College and above	32	42	1	1	1
Occupation status	Student	48	29	1	1	1
	Farmer	20	9	1.343(0.539–3.341)	0.269(0.039–1.874)	0.331
	Merchant	10	5	1.208(0.376–3.887)	0.233(0.034–1.582)	0.124
	House wife	38	14	1.640(0.762–3.530)	0.229(0.038–1.373)	0.141
	Gov’t employee	21	21	0.604(0.282–1.293)	0.360(0.070–1.841)	0.339
	Private	8	8	0.604(0.205–1.784)	0.082(0.011–0.621)	0.019
Alcohol drinking	Yes	3	14	9.204(2.562–33.062)**	9.767(2.616–36.467)**	0.001**
	No	142	72	1	1	1
BMI	18.5–24.99 kg/m^2	111	73	1	1	1
	>24.99 kg/m^2	12	5	1.578 (0.534–4.668)	2.286(0.614–8.505)	0.119
	<18.5	22	8	1.809(0.764–4.280)	1.869(0.679–5.139)	0.410
Exercise	Yes	25	10	1	1
	No	120	76	1.583(0.720–3.480)	1.734(0.652–4.614)	0.221
H. pylori status	Negative	61	53	1	1	1
	Positive	84	33	2.212(1.282–3.816)**	3.377(1.637–6.966)**	0.001**
WC	<94 cm	132	83	1	1	1
	≥94 cm	13	3	2.725(0.754–9.850)	1.354(0.126–14.533)	0.858
HC	<102 cm	124	82	1	1	1
	≥102 cm	21	4	3.472(1.150–10.483)*	2.123(0.517–8.7140	0.128

Notes: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; COR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HC, hip circumference; WC, waist circumference.

Table 4 Comparison of Lipid Profiles Among Cases and Controls (Cases, N=117, Control-N=114, Gondar, Ethiopia, 2021) (Mann–Whitney U-Test

Variables	H. pylori Status		P-value
	Positive, Median (IQR)	Control, Median (IQR)
Age	32(22, 42.5)	31(20, 38)	0.060
HDL-C	41(35, 47)	40(33.75, 44)	0.376
LDL-C	108(89.8, 145.5)	95(79.45, 115.8)	<0.001
TG	93(65, 117)	83(58.5, 102)	0.031
TC	143(119.5, 169)	125(110, 143)	<0.001
HC	89(82.5, 92)	88 (81.75, 93)	0.159
WC	75(69, 86)	77(70.75, 77)	0.837

Note: P<0.05=statistically significant value.

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HC, hip circumference; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference.