Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Doctors and Medical Students of Punjab, Pakistan: A Logistic Regression Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Profile, Knowledge, SAS, and SDS Scores of Study Sample (n = 504)

Variable	n (%)
Total	504 (100.0%)
Gender
Male	219 (43.5%)
Female	285 (56.5%)
Age
Median, Mean ± SD (Range)	24 years, 25.66±6.71 (15 years–66 years)
≤20 Years	74 (14.7%)
21–30 Years	334 (66.3%)
31–40 Years	77 (15.3%)
41–50 Years	15 (3.0%)
51–60 Years	3 (0.6%)
≥61 Years	1 (0.2%)
Occupation
Doctors ^a	243 (48.2%)
Medical Students ^b	261 (51.8%)
Heard CoronaVirus Before this Pandemic
Yes	209 (41.5%)
No	295 (58.5%)
Daily Time Spent to Focus on COVID-19 Information
<1 hour	301 (60.5%)
1–3 hours	125 (24.8%)
≥3 hours	74 (14.7%)
Knowledge of COVID-19 score
Median, Mean ± SD (Range)	11.00, 10.41±1.65 (0 score–13 score)
Not aware (score ≤6 points, <50%)	12 (2.4%)
Aware (score 7–10 points, 50% - <80%)	218 (43.3%)
Well aware (score 11–13 points, ≥80%)	274 (54.4%)
Anxiety SAS Score
Median, Mean ± SD (Range)	30.00, 31.93±7.75 (20 score–68 score)
No Anxiety (SAS 20–49)	487 (96.6%)
Mild Anxiety (SAS 50–59)	12 (2.4%)
Moderate Anxiety (SAS 60–69)	5 (1.0%)
Depression SDS Score
Median, Mean ± SD (Range)	36.00, 37.19± 10.37 (20 score–72 score)
No Depression (SDS 20–49)	428 (84.9%)
Mild Depression (SDS 50–59)	67 (13.3%)
Moderate Depression (SDS 60–69)	8 (1.6%)
Severe Depression (SDS 70–80)	1 (0.2%)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; COVID-19, 2019 coronavirus Disease; SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SDS, Self-rating Depression Scale; n, number (n = 504 for all %).

Table 2 Awareness of COVID-19 Pandemic in Doctors and Medical Students in Punjab Province, Pakistan, Stratified by Gender, Age, Profession, Prior Knowledge, and Time Spent on the News (n = 504)

Awareness
Variable		Not Aware	Aware	Well Aware	χ^2
		≤6 Points	7–10 Points	≥11 Points
		<50% Score	50%–<80%	≥80% Score
Gender	Male	5	75	139	p < 0.01
		1.0%	14.9%	27.6%
	Female	7	143	135
		1.4%	28.4%	26.8%
Age	≤20 years	7	50	17	p < 0.001
		1.4%	9.9%	3.4%
	21 years–30 years	5	139	190
		1.0%	27.6%	37.7%
	31 years–40 years		27	50
			5.4%	9.9%
	41 years–50 years		2	13
			0.4%	2.6%
	51 years–60 years			3
				0.6%
	≥61 years			1
				0.2%
Profession	Doctors ^a	2	84	157	p < 0.001
		0.4%	16.7%	31.2%
	Medical Student ^b	10	134	117
		2.0%	26.6%	23.2%
Prior Knowledge	Yes	3	89	117	p > 0.05
		0.6%	17.7%	23.2%
	No	9	129	157
		1.8%	25.6%	31.2%
Time Spent on news	<1 hour	10	146	149	p < 0.05
		2.0%	29.0%	29.6%
	1–3 hours	1	45	79
		0.2%	8.9%	15.7%
	>3 hours	1	27	46
		0.2%	5.4%	9.1%

Table 3 Prevalence of Anxiety in Doctors and Medical Students in Lahore, Pakistan, Stratified by Gender, Age, Profession, Awareness Level, Prior Knowledge, and Time Spent on the News (n = 504)

Anxiety
Variable		No Anxiety (SAS 20–49)	Mild Anxiety (SAS 50–59)	Moderate Anxiety (SAS 60–69)	Severe Anxiety (SAS 70–80)	χ^2
Gender	Male	214	5			p> 0.05
		42.5%	1.0%
	Female	273	7	5
		54.2%	1.4%	1.0%
Age	≤20 years	71	2	1		p> 0.05
		14.1%	0.4%	0.2%
	21 years–30 years	322	8	4
		63.9%	1.6%	0.8%
	31 years–40 years	75	2
		14.9%	0.4%
	41 years–50 years	15
		3.0%
	51 years–60 years	3
		0.6%
	≥61 years	1
		0.2%
Profession	Doctors	237	5	1		p> 0.05
		47.0%	1.0%	0.2%
	Medical Student	250	7	4
		49.6%	1.4%	0.8%
Awareness	Not Aware	10	1	1		p> 0.05
	≤6 points	2.0%	0.2%	0.2%
	Aware	212	5	1
	7–10 points	42.1%	1.0%	0.2%
	Well Aware	265	6	3
	≥11 points	52.6%	1.2%	0.6%
Prior Knowledge	Yes	201	7	1		p> 0.05
		39.9%	1.4%	0.2%
	No	286	5	4
		56.7%	1.0%	0.8%
Time Spent on News	<1 hour	298	5	2		p< 0.05
		59.1%	1.0%	0.4%
	1–3 hours	122	2	1
		24.2%	0.4%	0.2%
	>3 hours	67	5	2
		13.3%	1.0%	0.4%

Abbreviations: SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; χ² test, Chi-square test; n, number (n = 504 for all %).

Table 4 Prevalence of Depression in Doctors and Medical Students in Punjab Province, Pakistan, Stratified by Gender, Age, Profession, Awareness Level, Prior Knowledge, and Time Spent on the News (n = 504)

Depression
Variable		No Depression	Mild Depression	Moderate Depression	Severe Depression	χ^2
		SDS 20–49	SDS 50–59	SDS 60–69	SDS 70–80
Gender	Male	194	24	1		p> 0.05
		38.5%	4.8%	0.2%
	Female	234	43	7	1
		46.4%	8.5%	1.4%	0.2%
Age	≤20 years	59	12	2	1	p> 0.05
		11.7%	2.4%	0.4%	0.2%
	21 years–30 years	279	49	6
		55.4%	9.7%	1.2%
	31 years–40 years	71	6
		14.1%	1.2%
	41 years–50 years	15
		3.0%
	51 years–60 years	3
		0.6%
	≥61 years	1
		0.2%
Profession	Doctors	214	27	2		p> 0.05
		42.5%	5.4%	0.4%
	Medical Student	214	40	6	1
		42.5%	7.9%	1.2%	0.2%
Awareness	Not Aware	8	3	1		p> 0.05
	≤6 points	1.6%	0.6%	0.2%
	Aware 7–10 points	185	30	3
		36.7%	6.0%	0.6%
	Well Aware	235	34	4	1
	≥11 points	46.6%	6.7%	0.8%	0.2%
Prior Knowledge	Yes	172	33	4		p> 0.05
		34.1%	6.5%	0.8%
	No	256	34	4	1
		50.8%	6.7%	0.8%	0.2%
Time Spent on News	<1 hour	258	41	5	1	p> 0.05
		51.2%	8.1%	1.0%	0.2%
	1–3 hours	107	16	2
		21.2%	3.2%	0.4%
	>3 hours	63	10	1
		12.5%	2.0%	0.2%

Abbreviations: SDS, Self-rating Depression Scale; χ² test, Chi-square test; n, number (n = 504 for all %).

Table 5 Results of Logistic Regression Analyses (n = 504)

Variable		Anxiety			Depression
		Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval		Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval
			Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper
Gender	Male	1.00			1.00
	Female	1.88	0.65	5.43	1.69 *	1.01	2.83
Age	<24 year	1.79	0.40	7.98	3.11 **	1.31	7.38
	≥24 year	1.00			1.00
Professions	Doctors	1.00			1.00
	Medical Students	1.74	0.63	4.78	1.62 *	0.98	2.67
Time Spent on News	<1 hour	1.00			1.15	0.69	1.89
	1–3 hours	1.44	0.41	5.11	1.00
	>3 hours	9.88 **	3.64	26.86	1.05	0.53	2.11
Prior Knowledge	Yes	1.00			1.41	0.87	2.30
	No	1.27	0.48	3.33	1.00
Awareness	≤6 points	6.37*	1.28	31.25	2.91	0.86	9.90
	≥7 points	1.00			1.00

Notes: * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01.

Abbreviation: n, number.