Dietary Patterns and Hypertensive Disorders Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal and Delivery Care in Public Hospitals of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Cases and Controls Attending Antenatal Follow Up or Delivery Care in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia, 2020 (N=312)

Variables	Category	Cases (n=104)	Controls (n=208)	Total (%)
		Number (%)	Number (%)	Number (%)
Age of mothers	<20	11(10.6)	28(13.5)	39(12.5)
	20–24	15(14.4)	41(19.7)	56(17.9)
	25–29	14(13.46)	49(23.6)	63(20.2)
	30–34	24(23)	71(34.1)	95(30.5)
	≥35	40(38.5)	19(9.1)	59(18.9)
Residence	Rural	45(43.3)	49(23.6)	94(30.1)
	Urban	59(56.7)	159(76.4)	218(69.9)
Marital status	Married	95(91.34)	176(84.6)	271(86.9)
	Single	1(0.96)	19(9.13)	20(6.41)
	Divorced	6(5.8)	6(2.9)	12(3.85)
	Widowed	0	6(2.9)	6(1.92)
	Separated	2(1.9)	1(0.48)	3(0.96)
Religion	Muslim	0(38.5)	87(41.82)	127(40.7)
	Orthodox	34(32.8)	48(23.1)	82(26.3)
	Protestant	9(8.7)	50(24.03)	59(18.9)
	Catholic	16(15.3)	17(8.17)	33(10.6)
	Other	5(4.8)	6(2.9)	11(3.5)
Educational status	Cannot read/write	23(22.1)	12(5.8)	35(11.2)
	Can read and write	17(16.35)	38(18.3)	55(17.6)
	Primary education	18(17.31)	51(24.5)	69(22.1)
	Secondary education	36(34.62)	74(35.6)	110(35.3)
	College and above	10(9.61)	33(15.9)	43(13.8)
HHs wealth quintiles	Lowest	9(8.7)	41(19.7)	50(16.0)
	Second	23(22.12)	43(20.7)	66(21.2)
	Middle	20(19.23)	59(28.4)	79(25.3)
	Fourth	25(24.04)	30(14.4)	55(17.6)
	Highest	27(25.9)	35(16.8)	62(19.9)

Table 2 Obstetrics and Gynecologic Characteristics of Cases and Controls Attending Antenatal Follow Up or Delivery Care in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia, 2020 (N=312)

Variables	Category	Cases (n=104)	Controls (n=208)	Total (%)
		Number (%)	Number (%)	Number (%)
Parity	Nulliparous	52(50)	73(35.1)	125(40.1)
	Multiparous	52(50)	135(64.9)	187(59.9)
Gravidity	Primigravidae	26(25)	62(29.8)	88(28.2)
	Multigravida	78(75)	146(70.2)	224(71.8)
Twin pregnancy	Yes	24(23.1)	20(9.6)	43(13.7)
	No	80(76.9)	188(90.4)	269(86.3)
Gestational DM	Yes	20(19.2)	8(3.8)	28(10.3)
	No	84(80.8)	200(96.2)	284(89.7)
Modern contraceptive use	Yes	74(71.2)	175(84.1)	249(79.8)
	No	30(28.8)	33(15.9)	63(20.2)
Previous history of PIH	Yes	28(26.9)	38(18.3)	66(21.2)
	No	76(73.1)	170(81.7)	246(78.8)
Pregnancy interval	<2	41(52.5)	23(15.7)	64(28.6)
	2	9(11.6)	29(19.9)	38(17)
	>2	28(35.9)	94(64.4)	122(54.4)
History of abortion	Yes	28(26.9)	39(18.7)	67(21.5)
	No	76(73.1)	169(81.3)	245(78.5)
Anemia at first ANC	Yes	18(17.3)	8(3.8)	26(9.1)
	No	86(82.7)	200(91.2)	286(91.6)
Types of pregnancy	Wanted	12(11.5)	16(7.7)	28(8.9)
	Unwanted	22(21.3)	33(15.8)	55(17.7)
	Mistimed	17(16.3)	15(7.3)	32(10.2)
	Planned	53(50.9)	144(69.2)	197(63.2)
Iron folate	Yes	84(80.7)	197(94.7)	281(90.1)
	No	20(19.3)	11(5.3)	31(9.9)

Table 3 Behavioral, Life Style and Nutritional Characteristics of Cases and Controls Attending Antenatal Follow Up or Delivery Care in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Category	Cases (n=104)	Controls (n=208)	Total (%)
		Number (%)	Number (%)	Number (%)
Ever chewed khat	Yes	30(28.8)	61(29.3)	91(29.2)
	No	74(71.2)	147(70.7)	221(70.8)
Chewed khat in the past 12 months	Yes	30(100)	58(95.1)	88(96.7)
	No	0(0)	3(4.9)	3(3.3)
Chewing chat during recent pregnancy	Yes	30(100)	53(86.8)	83(91.2)
	No	0(0)	8(13.2)	8(8.8)
Consumed alcoholic drink ever	Yes	57(54.8)	96(46.2)	153(49.0)
	No	47(45.2)	112(53.8)	159(51.0)
Consumed alcoholic drink in past 12 months	Yes	46(80.7)	61(63.5)	107(69.9)
	No	11(19.3)	35(36.5)	46(30.1)
Drinking coffee during recent pregnancy	Yes	86(82.7)	167(80.3)	253(81.1)
	No	18(17.3)	41(19.7)	59(18.9)
Moderate intensity exercise	Yes	20(19.2)	79(37.9)	99(31.7)
	No	84(80.8)	129(62.1)	213(68.3)
Stress	Stressed	11(10.6)	6(2.9)	17(5.4)
	Not stressed	93(89.4)	202(97.1)	295(94.6)
MUAC	Under-nutrition	2(2)	4(1.9)	6(1.9)
	Normal	77(74)	201(96.6)	278(89.1)
	Over-nutrition	25(24)	3(1.4)	28(9)

Figure 1 Dietary pattern of cases and controls attending antenatal follow up or delivery care in Jimma zone, Ethiopia, 2020.

Table 4 Bivariate and Multivariable Analysis for the Predictors of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Follow Up or Delivery Care in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Category	Cases	Controls	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Dietary pattern	Animal source	48(46.2)	48(23.1)	1	1
	Plant source	20(19.2)	64(30.8)	0.313(0.164–0.594)	0.355(0.154–0.820)	0.015*
	Balanced diet	36(34.6)	96(46.1)	0.375(0.216–0.652)	0.236(0.110–0.506)*	<0.001*
Previous history of PIH	Yes	28(26.9)	38(18.3)	1.648(0.943–2.880)	3.759(1.688–8.368)*	0.001*
	No	76(73.1)	170(81.7)	1	1
Residence	Urban	59(56.7)	159(76.4)	1	1
	Rural	45(43.3)	49(23.6)	2.475(1.497–4.093)	5.139(2.447–10.793)*	<0.001*
Twin pregnancy	Yes	24(23.1)	20(9.6)	2.820(1.471–5.394)	3.692(1.522–8.960)*	0.004*
	No	80(76.9)	188(90.4)	1	1
History of abortion	Yes	28(26.9)	39(18.8)	1	1
	No	76(73.1)	169(81.2)	1.596(0.916–2.783)	2.372(1.098–5.121)*	0.028*
Anemia at the first visit	Yes	18(46.2)	8(3.8)	5.233(2.191–12.494)	7.116(2.304–21.982)*	0.001*
	No	86(53.8)	200(96.2)	1	1
Folate intake	Yes	84(80.8)	197(94.7)	0.235(0.108,0.511)	0.172(0.061–0.484)*	0.001*
	No	20(19.2)	11(5.3)	1
Age	<20	11(10.6)	28(13.5)	1	1
	20–24	15(14.4)	41(19.7)	0.931(0.373–2.324)	0.755(0.247–2.310)	0.622
	25–29	14(13.5)	49(23.6)	0.727(0.291–1.818)	0.560(0.177–1.769)	0.323
	30–34	24(23.1)	71(34.1)	0.860(0.373–1.987)	0.682(0.247–1.883)	0.460
	>35	40(38.5)	19(9.1)	5.359(2.210–12.995)	4.437(1.519–12.967)*	0.006*
Stress	Stressed	11(10.6)	6(2.9)	3.982(1.429–11.09)	1.872(0.432–8.106)	0.402
	Not stressed	93(89.4)	202(97.1)	1	1
Parity	Nulliparous	52(50)	73(35.1)	1.849(1.146–2.984)	1.363(0.697–2.666)	0.365
	Parous	52(50)	135(64.9)	1
Gestational Diabetes mellitus	Yes	20(19.2)	8(3.8)	5.952(2.522–14.05)	3.120(1.002–9.719)	0.050*
	No	84(80.8)	200(96.2)	1
Wealth	Lowest	9(8.7)	41(19.7)	1
	Second	23(22.12)	43(20.7)	2.437(1.009–5.883)	2.843(0.951–8.502)	0.062
	Middle	20(19.23)	59(28.4)	1.544(0.639–3.730)	1.439(0.448–4.617)	0.541
	Fourth	25(24.04)	30(14.4)	3.796(1.550–9.297)	5.159(1.464–18.175)*	0.011*
	Highest	27(25.9)	35(16.8)	3.514(1.459–8.464)	4.166(1.271–13.655)*	0.018*

Note: *p <0.05.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.