Prevalence and Characteristics of Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in Seemingly Healthy Persons at a Health Check-Up Clinic

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow Chart of Study Identification Based on the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

Table 1 Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Characteristics Compared Among the Normoglycemia, Prediabetes, and Diabetes Groups

Characteristics	Normoglycemia (n = 541)	PreDM (n = 659)	Diabetes (n = 13)	P
				P^a	P^b	P^c
Female gender	427 (78.93%)	440 (66.8%)	7 (53.8%)	<0.001	0.03	0.33
Age at survey (years)	52.82 ± 9.31	56.65 ± 9.37	59.92 ± 11.31	<0.001	0.01	0.22
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.27 ± 0.16	24.02 ± 3.62	24.34 ± 2.41	<0.001	0.30	0.75
– Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m^2)	31 (5.7%)	28 (4.2%)	0 (0.0%)	<0.001	0.63	0.90
– Normal weight (18.5–22.9 kg/m^2)	243 (44.9%)	245 (37.2%)	5 (38.5%)
– Overweight (23–24.9 kg/m^2)	131 (24.2%)	140 (21.2%)	3 (23.1%)
– Obese (≥ 25 kg/m^2)	136 (25.1%)	246 (37.3%)	5 (38.5%)
Waist circumference (cm)	82.91 ± 8.94	84.95 ± 9.28	86.96 ± 7.77	0.001	0.11	0.44
Systolic BP (mmHg)	118.84 ± 17.51	122.14 ± 16.38	127.08 ± 18.08	0.11	0.09	0.28
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	70.20 ± 11.87	71.27 ± 11.33	68.00 ± 68.00	<0.001	0.51	0.30
FPG (mmol/L)	5.01 ± 0.32	5.5 ± 0.49	9.1 ± 3.12	<0.001	<0.001	0.001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	34.4 ± 2.97	39.70 ± 3.42	55.02 ± 18.94	<0.001	0.002	0.01
Cr (mmol/L)	68.08 ± 15.03	71.62 ± 15.92	66.32 ± 8.84	<0.001	0.34	0.03
TC (mmol/L)	5.38 ± 0.99	5.59 ± 0.95	5.27 ± 1.03	<0.001	0.70	0.23
TG (mmol/L)	0.45 ± 0.67	1.31 ± 0.84	1.39 ± 0.52	<0.001	0.14	0.73
HDL (mmol/L)	1.68 ± 0.45	1.58 ± 0.44	1.46 ± 0.36	<0.001	0.08	0.30
LDL (mmol/L)	3.19 ± 0.04	3.41 ± 0.89	3.17 ± 1	<0.001	0.94	0.33

Notes: Data presented as number and percentage or mean plus/minus standard deviation. Bold P values indicate statistically significant. ^aNormoglycemia vs PreDM. ^bNormoglycemia vs diabetes. ^cPreDM vs diabetes.

Abbreviations: PreDM, prediabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; Cr, creatinine; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Characteristics Compared Among the 3 PreDM Subgroups

Characteristics	Isolated IFG (n = 147)	Normal FPG with HbA1c 38.8–46.4 mmol/mol (n = 322)	IFG with HbA1c 38.8–46.4 mmol/mol (n = 190)	P
				P^a	P^b	P^c
Female gender	91 (61.90%)	237 (73.60%)	112 (58.95%)	0.01	0.58	0.001
Age at survey (years)	58.41 ± 9.50	54.54 ± 8.99	58.87 ± 9.15	<0.001	0.65	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.14 ± 3.20	23.90 ± 3.52	24.89 ± 3.91	0.03	<0.001	0.004
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m^2)	10 (6.8%)	10 (3.1%)	8 (4.2%)	0.06	<0.001	0.003
Normal weight (18.5–22.9 kg/m^2)	60 (40.8%)	135 (41.9%)	50 (26.3%)
Overweight (23–24.9 kg/m^2)	38 (25.9%)	63 (19.6%)	39 (20.5%)
Obese (≥ 25 kg/m^2)	39 (26.5%)	114 (35.4%)	93 (48.9%)
Waist circumference (cm)	85.17 ± 7.96	83.14 ± 9.02	87.84 ± 9.92	0.02	0.01	<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	123.57 ± 18.17	119.50 ± 15.62	125.50 ± 15.49	0.02	0.29	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	70.99 ± 11.92	70.23 ± 10.56	73.25 ± 11.93	0.49	0.09	0.004
FPG (mmol/L)	5.82 ± 0.27	5.1 ± 0.28	5.93 ± 0.33	<0.001	0.001	<0.001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	34.90 ± 2.58	40.72 ± 1.94	41.67 ± 2.39	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Cr (mmol/L)	0.07 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02	0.62	0.31	0.06
TC (mmol/L)	5.45 ± 1.03	5.61 ± 0.96	5.65 ± 0.86	0.11	0.06	0.63
TG (mmol/L)	1.25 ± 0.64	1.27 ± 0.95	1.45 ± 0.78	0.89	0.01	0.03
HDL (mmol/L)	1.57 ± 0.46	1.62 ± 0.44	1.53 ± 0.43	0.29	0.33	0.02
LDL (mmol/L)	3.33 ± 0.96	3.42 ± 0.89	3.48 ± 0.82	0.31	0.12	0.45

Notes: Data presented as number and percentage or mean plus/minus standard deviation. Bold P values indicate statistically significant. ^aIsolated IFG vs normal FPG with HbA_1c 38.8–46.4 mmol/mol. ^bIsolated IFG vs IFG with HbA_1c 39–46 mmol/mol. ^cNormal FPG with HbA_1c 38.8–46.4 mmol/mol vs IFG with HbA_1c 38.8–46.4 mmol/mol.

Abbreviations: PreDM, prediabetes mellitus; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; Cr, creatinine; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Characteristics Compared Between PreDM Participants Without and with MetS

Characteristics	PreDM Without MetS (n = 471)	PreDM with MetS (n = 188)	P
Female gender	320 (67.9%)	120 (63.83%)	0.31
Age at survey (years)	56.15 ± 9.42	57.91 ± 9.16	0.03
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.28 ± 3.40	25.86 ± 3.50	<0.001
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m^2)	28 (5.9%)	0 (0.0%)	<0.001
Normal weight (18.5–22.9 kg/m^2)	210 (44.6%)	35 (18.6%)
Overweight (23–24.9 kg/m^2)	92 (19.5%)	48 (25.5%)
Obese (≥ 25 kg/m^2)	141 (29.9%)	105 (55.9%)
Waist circumference (cm)	82.42 ± 8.63	91.27 ± 7.71	<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	118.25 ± 14.51	131.88 ± 16.76	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	68.86 ± 10.20	77.30 ± 11.81	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	5.38 ± 0.46	5.81 ± 0.43	<0.001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	39.71 ± 3.10	39.67 ± 4.13	0.91
Cr (mmol/L)	0.07 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02	0.41
TC (mmol/L)	5.59 ± 0.92	5.56 ± 1.03	0.71
TG (mmol/L)	1.07 ± 0.49	1.92 ± 1.17	<0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.69 ± 0.43	1.3 ± 0.35	<0.001
LDL (mmol/L)	3.41 ± 0.86	3.43 ± 0.97	0.84

Notes: Data presented as number and percentage or mean plus/minus standard deviation. Bold P values indicate statistically significant.

Abbreviations: PreDM, prediabetes mellitus; MetS, metabolic syndrome; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; Cr, creatinine; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis for Factors Independently Associated with Prediabetes

Factors	PreDM	Normoglycemia	Unadjusted	P	Adjusted OR^a	P
	(n = 659)	(n=541)	OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
By MetS risk score
Score 0–2	71.5%	92.1%	1.00 (reference)	–	1.00 (reference)	–
Score 3	17.8%	6.7%	3.44 (2.32–5.10)	<0.001	2.98 (1.99–4.49)	<0.001
Score 4–5	10.8%	1.3%	10.72 (4.88–23.55)	<0.001	9.02 (4.03–20.18)	<0.001
By age
Age < 48 years	17.6%	31.2%	1.00 (reference)	–	1.00 (reference)	–
Age 48–61 years	53%	51.2%	1.84 (1.38–2.44)	<0.001	1.15 (0.74–1.79)	0.54
Age > 61 years	29.4%	17.6%	2.98 (2.12–4.18)	<0.001	1.04 (0.47–2.29)	0.93
By gender
Male	33.2%	21.1%	1.00 (reference)	–	1.00 (reference)	–
Female	66.8%	78.9%	0.54 (0.41–0.70)	<0.001	0.58 (0.44–0.76)	<0.001
By BMI
Underweight and normal weight	41.4%	50.6%	1.00 (reference)	–	1.00 (reference)	–
Overweight	21.2%	24.2%	1.07 (0.80–1.44)	0.64	0.97 (0.67–1.39)	0.86
Obese	37.3%	25.1%	1.82 (1.39–2.37)	<0.001	1.80 (1.07–3.04)	0.03
By MetS criteria
Waist circumference
Normal waist circumference	41.0%	45.3%	1.00 (reference)	–	1.00 (reference)	–
Abdominal obesity	59.0%	54.7%	1.19 (0.95–1.50)	0.13	0.94 (0.70–1.26)	0.68
Serum triglyceride
Normal triglyceride	79.2%	85.8%	1.00 (reference)	–	1.00 (reference)	–
Hypertriglyceridemia	20.8%	14.2%	1.58 (1.17–2.15)	0.003	1.33 (0.97–1.84)	0.08
Serum HDL cholesterol
Normal HDL cholesterol	80.7%	85.8%	1.00 (reference)	–	1.00 (reference)	–
Low HDL cholesterol	19.3%	14.2%	1.44 (1.06–1.96)	0.02	1.42 (1.02–1.96)	0.04
Blood pressure
Normal blood pressure	67.5%	75.2%	1.00 (reference)	–	1.00 (reference)	–
High blood pressure	32.5%	24.8%	1.46 (1.13–1.88)	0.004	1.10 (0.84–1.45)	0.49

Notes: Bold P values indicate statistically significant. ^aUnconditional logistic regression analysis was adjusted for age, gender, and BMI. Baseline analysis was normoglycemia participants.

Abbreviations: PreDM, prediabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MetS, metabolic syndrome; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.