Epidemiological Factors of Periodontal Disease Among South Indian Adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Sociodemographic, Habitual Factors and Periodontal Profile Among Adults, Tamil Nadu, India, 2021 (n = 288).

Variable		n = 288	Periodontal Disease					P value
			0 n = 167 (57.99%)	1 n = 49 (17.01%)	2 n = 30 (10.42%)	3 n = 22 (7.64%)	4 n = 20 (6.94%)
Gender	Male	147(51.04%)	83(49.7%)	23(46.94%)	15(50%)	15(68.18%)	11(55.00%)	0.46
	Female	141(48.96%)	84(50.3%)	26(53.06%)	15(50%)	7(31.82%)	9(45.00%)
Age	18–24 years	68(23.61%)	48(28.74%)	14(28.57%)	3(10%)	2(9.09%)	1(5.00%)	<0.001
	25–34 years	65(22.57%)	29(17.37%)	19(38.78%)	11(36.67%)	5(22.73%)	1(5.00%)
	35–44 years	84(29.17%)	54(32.34%)	5(10.2%)	10(33.33%)	6(27.27%)	9(45.00%)
	≥ 45 years	71(24.65%)	36(21.56%)	11(22.45%)	6(20%)	9(40.91%)	9(45.00%)
Marital Status	Yes	192(66.67%)	110(65.87%)	33(67.35%)	16(53.33%)	14(63.64%)	19(95%)	0.04
	No	96(33.33%)	57(34.13%)	16(32.65%)	14(46.67%)	8(36.36%)	1(5%)
Religion	Hindu	237(82.29%)	140(83.83%)	40(81.63%)	24(80%)	16(72.73%)	17(85%)	0.43
	Muslim	15(5.21%)	6(3.59%)	2(4.08%)	3(10%)	3(13.64%)	1(5%)
	Christian	30(10.42%)	19(11.38%)	4(8.16%)	3(10%)	2(9.09%)	2(10%)
	Others	6(2.08%)	2(1.2%)	3(6.12%)	0(0%)	1(4.55%)	0(0%)
Ethnicity	Tamil	264(91.67%)	161(96.41%)	42(85.71%)	26(86.67%)	17(77.27%)	18(90%)	<0.001
	Others	24(8.33%)	6(3.59%)	7(14.29%)	4(13.33%)	5(22.73%)	2(10%)
Diet	Vegetarian	37(12.85%)	23(13.77%)	4(8.16%)	4(13.33%)	6(27.27%)	0(0%)	0.20
	Non-vegetarian	47(16.32%)	23(13.77%)	8(16.33%)	7(23.33%)	4(18.18%)	5(25%)
	Mixed	204(70.83%)	121(72.46%)	37(75.51%)	19(63.33%)	12(54.55%)	15(75%)
Smoking	Yes	40(13.89%)	15(8.98%)	9(18.37%)	2(6.67%)	10(45.45%)	4(20%)	<0.001
	No	248(86.11%)	152(91.02%)	40(81.63%)	28(93.33%)	12(54.55%)	16(80%)
Alcohol	Yes	35(12.15%)	14(8.38%)	8(16.33%)	2(6.67%)	9(40.91%)	2(10%)	<0.001
	No	253(87.85%)	153(91.62%)	41(83.67%)	28(93.33%)	13(59.09%)	18(90.00%)
Education	Illiterate	7(2.43%)	0(0%)	1(2.04%)	1(3.33%)	1(4.55%)	4(20.00%)	<0.001
	Primary	12(4.17%)	7(4.19%)	0(0%)	2(6.67%)	1(4.55%)	2(10.00%)
	High school	93(32.29%)	6(3.59%)	19(38.78%)	7(23.33%)	9(40.91%)	2(10.00%)
	University	176(61.11%)	104(62.28%)	29(59.18%)	20(66.67%)	11(50%)	12(60.00%)
Employment	Employed	186(64.58%)	101(60.48%)	38(77.55%)	20(66.67%)	12(54.55%)	15(75.00%)	0.65
	Unemployed	23(7.99%)	14(8.38%)	2(4.08%)	2(6.67%)	3(13.64%)	2(10.00%)
	Student	46(15.97%)	32(19.16%)	5(10.2%)	5(16.67%)	3(13.64%)	1(5.00%)
	Homemaker	33(11.46%)	20(11.98%)	4(8.16%)	3(10.00%)	4(18.18%)	2(10%)
Income	Below 10K ₹	98(34.03%)	63(37.72%)	15(30.61%)	8(26.67%)	4(18.18%)	8(40%)	0.45
	10K ₹ −20 K ₹	50(17.36%)	25(14.97%)	13(26.53%)	5(16.67%)	5(22.73%)	2(10%)
	20K ₹- 30K ₹	72(25.00%)	41(24.55%)	11(22.45%)	11(36.67%)	6(27.27%)	3(15%)
	Above 30K ₹	68(23.61%)	38(22.75%)	10(20.41%)	6(20%)	7(31.82%)	7(35%)
House	Owned	178(61.81%)	103(61.68%)	30(61.22%)	17(56.67%)	11(50%)	17(85%)	0.18
	Rented	110(38.19%)	64(38.32%)	19(38.78%)	13(43.33%)	11(50%)	3(15%)
Vehicle	Yes	183(63.54%)	105(62.87%)	28(57.14%)	19(63.33%)	15(68.18%)	16(80%)	0.48
	No	105(36.46%)	62(37.13%)	21(42.86%)	11(36.67%)	7(31.82%)	4(20%)

Table 2 Comparison of Periodontal Disease Profile with Oral Health KAB Among Adults, Tamil Nadu, India, 2021 (n = 288).

Variables		n = 288	Periodontal Disease					P value
			0 n = 167 (57.99%)	1 n = 49 (17.01%)	2 n = 30 (10.42%)	3 n = 22(7.64%)	4 n = 20 (6.94%)
Knowledge
1.There are two sets of teeth during lifetime	0	36(12.5%)	20(11.98%)	9(18.37%)	4(13.33%)	1(4.55%)	2(10%)	0.56
	1	252(87.5%)	147(88.02%)	40(81.63%)	26(86.67%)	21(95.45%)	18(90%)
2. Tooth infection causes gum bleeding	0	52(18.06%)	28(16.77%)	7(14.29%)	7(23.33%)	5(22.73%)	5(25%)	0.69
	1	236(81.94%)	139(83.23%)	42(85.71%)	23(76.67%)	17(77.27%)	15(75%)
3. Replacement of missing tooth improves oral hygiene	0	57(19.79%)	28(16.77%)	9(18.37%)	11(36.67%)	3(13.64%)	6(30%)	0.08
	1	231(80.21%)	139(83.23%)	40(81.63%)	19(63.33%)	19(86.36%)	14(70%)
4. Dental caries of deciduous teeth need not be treated	0	204(70.83%)	125(74.85%)	33(67.35%)	18(60%)	15(68.18%)	13(65%)	0.44
	1	84(29.17%)	42(25.15%)	16(32.65%)	12(40%)	7(31.82%)	7(35%)
5. Bacteria is one of the reasons to cause gingival problems	0	87(30.21%)	48(28.74%)	15(30.61%)	11(36.67%)	7(31.82%)	6(30%)	0.93
	1	201(69.79%)	119(71.26%)	34(69.39%)	19(63.33%)	15(68.18%)	14(70%)
6. Fizzy soft drinks affect the teeth adversely	0	71(24.65%)	43(25.75%)	8(16.33%)	8(26.67%)	6(27.27%)	6(30%)	0.66
	1	217(75.35%)	124(74.25%)	41(83.67%)	22(73.33%)	16(72.73%)	14(70%)
7. Loss of teeth can interfere with speech	0	59(20.49%)	34(20.36%)	7(14.29%)	7(23.33%)	4(18.18%)	7(35%)	0.41
	1	229(79.51%)	133(79.64%)	42(85.71%)	23(76.67%)	18(81.82%)	13(65%)
8. Irregularly placed teeth can be moved into correct position	0	58(20.14%)	32(19.16%)	10(20.41%)	6(20%)	4(18.18%)	6(30%)	0.85
	1	230(79.86%)	135(80.84%)	39(79.59%)	24(80%)	18(81.82%)	14(70%)
9. Decayed teeth can affect appearance	0	57(19.79%)	27(16.17%)	10(20.41%)	9(30%)	6(27.27%)	5(25%)	0.34
	1	231(80.21%)	140(83.83%)	39(79.59%)	21(70%)	16(72.73%)	15(75%)
10. Tobacco chewing or smoking cause oral cancer	0	35(12.15%)	14(8.38%)	8(16.33%)	8(26.67%)	3(13.64%)	2(10%)	0.05
	1	253(87.85%)	153(91.62%)	41(83.67%)	22(73.33%)	19(86.36%)	18(90%)
11. White patch are called dental plaque	0	45(15.63%)	27(16.17%)	4(8.16%)	8(26.67%)	2(9.09%)	4(20%)	0.20
	1	243(84.38%)	140(83.83%)	45(91.84%)	22(73.33%)	20(90.91%)	16(80%)
Attitude
1. Keeping your teeth clean and healthy is beneficial to your health	0	235(81.6%)	140(83.83%)	36(73.47%)	24(80%)	19(86.36%)	16(80%)	0.53
	1	53(18.4%)	27(16.17%)	13(26.53%)	6(20%)	3(13.64%)	4(20%)
2. Scaling is harmful for gums	0	265(92.01%)	150(89.82%)	46(93.88%)	30(100%)	21(95.45%)	18(90%)	0.35
	1	23(7.99%)	17(10.18%)	3(6.12%)	0(0%)	1(4.55%)	2(10%)
3. Dentist care only about treatment and not prevention	0	240(83.33%)	142(85.03%)	34(69.39%)	26(86.67%)	18(81.82%)	20(100%)	0.02
	1	48(16.67%)	25(14.97%)	15(30.61%)	4(13.33%)	4(18.18%)	0(0%)
4. Sweet retention leads to tooth decay	0	92(31.94%)	61(36.53%)	12(24.49%)	9(30%)	5(22.73%)	5(25%)	0.37
	1	196(68.06%)	106(63.47%)	37(75.51%)	21(70%)	17(77.27%)	15(75%)
5. Brushing with fluoridated toothpaste prevent tooth decay	0	71(24.65%)	46(27.54%)	15(30.61%)	6(20%)	1(4.55%)	3(15%)	0.09
	1	217(75.35%)	121(72.46%)	34(69.39%)	24(80%)	21(95.45%)	17(85%)
6. Brushing teeth twice a day improves oral hygiene	0	89(30.9%)	52(31.14%)	16(32.65%)	7(23.33%)	7(31.82%)	7(35%)	0.90
	1	199(69.1%)	115(68.86%)	33(67.35%)	23(76.67%)	15(68.18%)	13(65%)
7. Gum bleeding denotes gum infection	0	92(31.94%)	49(29.34%)	15(30.61%)	14(46.67%)	8(36.36%)	6(30%)	0.43
	1	196(68.06%)	118(70.66%)	34(69.39%)	16(53.33%)	14(63.64%)	14(70%)
8. Improper brushing leads to gum disease	0	80(27.78%)	49(29.34%)	10(20.41%)	11(36.67%)	6(27.27%)	4(20%)	0.50
	1	208(72.22%)	118(70.66%)	39(79.59%)	19(63.33%)	16(72.73%)	16(80%)
Behaviour
1. I have bleeding gums during brushing	0	196(68.06%)	99(59.28%)	33(67.35%)	25(83.33%)	21(95.45%)	18(90%)	<0.001
	1	92(31.94%)	68(40.72%)	16(32.65%)	5(16.67%)	1(4.55%)	2(10%)
2. I do routine dental check-up	0	90(31.25%)	51(30.54%)	13(26.53%)	7(23.33%)	11(50%)	8(40%)	0.22
	1	198(68.75%)	116(69.46%)	36(73.47%)	23(76.67%)	11(50%)	12(60%)
3. I give importance to my teeth as much as any part of my body	0	88(30.56%)	48(28.74%)	14(28.57%)	8(26.67%)	11(50%)	7(35%)	0.32
	1	200(69.44%)	119(71.26%)	35(71.43%)	22(73.33%)	11(50%)	13(65%)
4. I brush my teeth twice daily	0	98(34.03%)	58(34.73%)	14(28.57%)	8(26.67%)	9(40.91%)	9(45%)	0.56
	1	190(65.97%)	109(65.27%)	35(71.43%)	22(73.33%)	13(59.09%)	11(55%)
5. I use teeth to open cap of bottled drink	0	166(57.64%)	91(54.49%)	31(63.27%)	19(63.33%)	13(59.09%)	12(60%)	0.97
	1	122(42.36%)	76(45.51%)	18(36.73%)	11(36.67%)	9(40.91%)	8(40%)
6. I have sensitive teeth	0	162(56.25%)	99(59.28%)	20(40.82%)	19(63.33%)	14(63.64%)	10(50%)	0.14
	1	126(43.75%)	68(40.72%)	29(59.18%)	11(36.67%)	8(36.36%)	10(50%)
7. I experience toothache while chewing food	0	147(51.04%)	75(44.91%)	26(53.06%)	20(66.67%)	13(59.09%)	13(65%)	0.10
	1	141(48.96%)	92(55.09%)	23(46.94%)	10(33.33%)	9(40.91%)	7(35%)

Table 3 Univariable Ordinal Logistic Regression of Sociodemographic, Habitual Factors and Oral Health KAB Profile Among Adults, Tamil Nadu, India, 2021 (n = 288).

Variable			Estimate ± SE	OR (95% CI)	P value
Gender		Female	−0.2±0.23	0.82 (0.52–1.28)	0.39
Age groups		25–34 years	0.94±0.34	2.55 (1.32–5.02)	0.01
		35–44 years	0.56±0.34	1.76 (0.90–3.48)	0.10
		≥ 45 years	1.07±0.35	2.91 (1.49–5.80)	<0.001
Marital status		Unmarried	−0.17±0.24	0.84 (0.52–1.34)	0.47
Religion		Muslim	0.79±0.49	2.20 (0.84–5.57)	0.10
		Christian	−0.14 ± 0.39	0.87 (0.39–1.8)	0.71
		Others	0.49 ± 0.69	1.6 (0.39–6.30)	0.47
Ethnicity Diet		Non-Tamil	1.15±0.37	3.14 (1.52 −6.47)	<0.001
		Non-vegetarian	0.51±0.43	1.67 (0.73 −3.91)	0.23
		Mixed	0.06±0.36	1.06 (0.54 −2.18)	0.87
Smoking		Yes	−0.97±0.31	0.38 (0.2 −0.7)	<0.001
Alcohol		Yes	−0.78±0.33	0.46 (0.24 −0.88)	0.02
Education		Primary	−2.64±0.95	0.07 (0.01 −0.43)	0.01
		High school	−3.15±0.77	0.04 (0.01 −0.18)	<0.001
		University	−3.03±0.76	0.05 (0.01 −0.2)	<0.001
Employment		Unemployed	−0.07±0.44	0.93 (0.38 −2.17)	0.87
		Student	−0.6±0.34	0.55 (0.27 −1.06)	0.08
		Home maker	−0.14±0.37	0.87 (0.41 −1.78)	0.71
Income		10K ₹ −20 K ₹	0.42±0.33	1.53 (0.8 −2.92)	0.20
		20K ₹- 30K ₹	0.28±0.31	1.32 (0.72 −2.4)	0.37
		Above 30K ₹	0.42±0.31	1.52 (0.82 −2.81)	0.18
House		Rented	−0.07±0.23	0.93 (0.58 −1.47)	0.75
Vehicle		No	−0.18±0.24	0.83 (0.52 −1.32)	0.44
Knowledge
Average		> 4 to ≤ 7	−1.45±0.72	0.24 (0.06 −0.99)	0.04
Good		≥ 8	−1.50±0.69	0.22 (0.06 −0.89)	0.03
Attitude
Average		> 2 to < 5	0.06±0.34	1.08 (0.92–1.28)	0.08
Good		≥ 5	0.14±0.32	1.16 (0.62–2.20)	0.07
Behaviour
Average		> 2 to < 5	−0.49±0.30	0.61 (0.34 −1.11)	0.01
Good		≥ 5	−1.12±0.34	0.33 (0.17 −0.64)	<0.001

Table 4 Final Ordinal Logistic Regression Model of Sociodemographic, Habitual Factors and Oral Health KAB Profile Among Adults, Tamil Nadu, India, 2021 (n = 288).

Variable		Estimate ± SE	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age	25–34 years	0.81±0.35	2.25 (1.14–4.55)	0.01
	35–44 years	0.58±0.36	1.80 (0.89–3.64)	0.10
	≥ 45 years	1.06±0.37	2.89 (1.41–6.01)	<0.001
Ethnicity	Non-Tamil	0.99±0.39	2.71 (1.25–5.81)	0.01
Smoking	Yes	−0.98±0.32	0.38 (0.16–0.65)	<0.001
Education
	Primary	−2.59±1.00	0.07 (0.01–0.50)	<0.001
	High school	−2.90±0.82	0.06 (0.01–0.27)	<0.001
	University	−2.58±0.82	0.08 (0.01–0.36)	<0.001
Behaviour
Average	> 2 to < 5	−0.76±0.30	0.59 (0.32–1.08)	0.01
Good	≥ 5	−0.59±0.44	0.33 (0.16–0.65)	0.18

Table 5 Goodness of Fit Statistics of Sociodemographic, Habitual Factors and Oral Health KAB Profile Among Adults, Tamil Nadu, India,2021. (n=288)

Model	Lipsitz Test	Pulkstenis-Robinson Tests	AIC	Residual Deviance	p-value
Multivariate model	0.05	0.05	687.05	657.07	<0.001
Final model	0.006	0.04	683.07	657.05	<0.001