Factors Associated with Nutritional Risk in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Structural Lung Disease: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics and Nutritional Risk Among Patients with Structural Lung Disease

Characteristics	Men	Women	Total
Age, year, mean (SD)	46.97 (15.79)	39.09 (14.32)
Age groups, n (%)
<30 years	61 (20.6)	43 (35.5)	104 (24.9)
30 years~	57 (19.3)	33 (27.3)	90 (21.6)
45 years~	113 (38.2)	36 (29.8)	149 (35.7)
≥60 years	65 (22.0)	9 (7.4)	74 (17.7)
Education levels, n (%)
1~6 years	61 (20.6)	30 (24.8)	91 (21.8)
7~9 years	110 (37.2)	36 (29.8)	146 (35.0)
10~12 years	107 (36.1)	34 (28.1)	141 (33.8)
>12 years	18 (6.1)	21 (17.4)	39 (9.4)
Married status, n (%)
Never married	79 (26.7)	33 (27.3)	112 (26.9)
Married	202 (68.2)	84 (69.4)	286 (68.6)
Divorced	12 (4.1)	2 (1.7)	14 (3.4)
Widowed	3 (1.0)	2 (1.7)	5 (1.2)
Medical insurance style, n (%)
Employee	172 (58.1)	83 (68.6)	255 (61.2)
Residents	27 (9.1)	6 (5.0)	33 (7.9)
Self-pay	97 (32.8)	32 (26.4)	129 (30.9)
Diabetes, n (%)	84 (28.4)	21 (17.4)	105 (25.2)
BMI, Kg/m^2, mean (SD	19.05 (3.5)	18.84 (3.42	18.99 (3.53
BMI groups, n (%)
Low weight	131 (48.0)	54 (47.0)	185 (47.7)
Normal weight	116 (42.5)	49 (42.6)	165 (42.5)
Overweight	21 (7.7)	12 (10.4)	33 (8.5)
Obesity	5 (1.8)	0	5 (1.3)
Length of stay, day, median (IQR)	11 (9)	12 (11)	11 (9)
Hospitalization costs, Yuan, median (IQR)	13,117.33 (13,680.83)	13,548.13 (13,316.93)	13,199.42 (13,663.73)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range.

Table 2 Association of Clinical Features with Nutritional Risk Among Patients with of Structural Lung Disease in the Univariate Analysis

Characteristics	Group with Nutrition Risk	Group without Nutrition Risk	P
Gender, n (%)			0.634
Men	160 (54.2)	135 (45.8)
Women	62 (51.7)	58 (48.3)
Age, year, mean (SD)	44.72 (16.58)	44.76 (14.86)	0.979
Age groups, n (%)			0.049
<30 years	61 (59.2)	42 (40.8)
30 years~	40 (44.9)	49 (55.1)
45 years~	74 (49.7)	75 (50.3)
≥60 years	47 (63.5)	27 (36.5)
Education levels, n (%)			0.004
1~6 years	54 (60.0)	36 (40.0)
7~9 years	87 (60.0)	58 (40.0)
10~12 years	58 (41.1)	83 (58.9)
>12 years	23 (59.0)	16 (41.0)
Married status, n (%)			0.006
Never married	74 (66.7)	37 (33.3)
Married	136 (47.7)	149 (52.3)
Divorced	9 (64.3)	5 (35.7)
Widowed	3 (60.0)	2 (40.0)
Medical insurance style, n (%)			0.036
Employee	125 (49.2)	129 (50.8)
Residents	20 (60.6)	13 (39.4)
Self-pay	77 (60.2)	51 (39.8)
Diabetes, n (%)	40 (18.0)	65 (33.7)	<0.001
BMI, Kg/m^2, mean (SD)	16.55 (2.40)	21.61 (2.54)	<0.001
BMI groups, n (%)			<0.001
Low weight	184 (99.5)	1 (0.5)
Normal weight	14 (8.5)	151 (91.5)
Overweight	2 (6.1)	31 (93.9)
Obesity	1 (20.0)	4 (80.0)
Length of stay, day, median (IQR)	15.24 (11.60)	13.36 (9.98)	0.074
Hospitalization costs, Yuan, median (IQR)	26,154.39 (33,186.40)	17,345.18 (17,554.99)	0.001

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range.

Table 3 Association of Laboratory Indicators with Nutritional Risk Among Patients with of Structural Lung Disease in the Univariate Analysis

Characteristics	Group with Nutrition Risk	Group without Nutrition Risk	P
Complication, n (%):
Diabetes	40 (18.0)	65 (33.7)	<0.001
Anemia	43 (19.4)	20 (10.4)	0.011
Hypoproteinemia	45 (20.3)	12 (6.2)	<0.001
CT presentation, n (%):
Numbers of lesion lobes:			<0.001
Unilateral	59 (39.6)	90 (60.4)
Bilateral	124 (64.9)	67 (35.9)
Pulmonary cavity	180 (81.1)	157 (81.3)	0.945
Bronchiectasis	56 (25.2)	166 (18.7)	0.108
Pulmonary infection	108 (48.6)	62 (32.1)	<0.001
Atelectasis	24 (10.8)	14 (7.3)	0.210
Bronchiarctia	26 (11.7)	17 (8.8)	0.333
Destroyed lung	156 (70.3)	83 (43.0)	<0.001
Pneumothorax	24 (10.8)	9 (4.7)	0.021
Anti-TB using pre- admission, n (%)	142 (64.0)	120 (62.2)	0.707
Laboratory marker, means (SD):
PCT, ng/mL	0.90 (3.05)	0.16 (0.41)	0.001
IL-6, pg/mL	57.12 (88.75)	30.09 (42.17)	0.104
CRP, mg/L	66.41 (55.19)	88.01 (547.02)	0.588
Tc-count, pcs/ul	777.36 (429.92)	1056.11 (613.94)	<0.001
Th-count, pcs/ul	455.47 (274.20)	584.53 (323.50)	0.001
Ts-count, pcs/ul	290.75 (202.42)	414.33 (317.81)	0.001
ALB, g/L	34.28 (6.09)	38.66 (5.35)	<0.001
ALT, U/L	34.87 (169.12)	26.96 (62.53)	0.542
AST, U/L	50.85 (221.19)	29.43 (63.11)	0.197
Urea, mmol/L	4.59 (3.69)	4.75 (2.38)	0.609
Cr, μmol/L	61.01 (54.43)	71.73 (51.54)	0.050
eGFR, mL/(min×1.73m^2)	114.29 (26.83)	106.40 (23.11)	0.006
RBC, ×10^12/L	4.07 (0.74)	4.41 (0.71)	<0.001
WBC, ×10^9/L	14.61 (68.52)	8.04 (3.47)	0.186
PLT, ×10^9/L	343.59 (150.69)	285.27 (66.14)	<0.001
LYMPH, ×10^9/L	1.14 (0.64)	1.54 (0.77)	<0.001

Abbreviations: PCT, procalcitonin; IL-6, interleukin 6; CRP, C-reactive protein; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell; PLT, platelet counts; LYMPH, lymphocyte.

Table 4 Association of Structural Lung Disease with Nutritional Risk in the Multivariate Analysis

Factors	Reference	OR (95% CI)	P
Age group:	<30 years
30 years~		1.66 (0.54, 5.12)	0.374
45 years~		1.81 (0.53, 6.20)	0.342
≥60 years		2.00 (0.48, 8.32)	0.339
Education levels:	1~6 years
7~9 years		0.96 (0.36, 2.52)	0.929
10~12 years		0.54 (0.20, 1.50)	0.239
>12 years		1.02 (0.26, 4.09)	0.975
Married status:	Never married
Married		0.17 (0.06, 0.49)	0.001
Divorced		0.44 (0.04, 4.70)	0.499
Widowed		0.14 (0.01, 2.91)	0.204
Medical insurance style:	Employee
Residents		1.26 (0.58, 2.75)	0.557
Self-pay		0.82 (0.21, 3.19)	0.774
Numbers of lesion lobes:	Unilateral
Bilateral		1.53 (0.74, 3.17)	0.255
Pulmonary infection	No	0.76 (0.36, 1.60)	0.474
Destroyed lung	No	2.29 (1.10, 4.75)	0.026
PCT	–	1.53 (0.73, 3.20)	0.263
eGFR	–	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	0.115
RBC	–	0.35 (0.20, 0.63)	<0.001
PLT	–	1.00 (1.00, 1.01)	0.062
Lymphocyte	–	0.41 (0.23, 0.73)	0.003

Abbreviations: PCT, procalcitonin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell; PLT, platelet counts; LYMPH, lymphocyte.