Successful testing and treating of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia depends on the addiction treatment modality

Figures & data

Table 1 The comparison of sociodemographic characteristics, drug use, medical, and psychiatric conditions of people who inject drugs who had never accessed and ever accessed substance abuse treatment

Characteristics	Had accessed substance abuse treatment		χ^2/U	P
	No (N = 48)	Yes (N = 162)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Male, N (%)	46 (96)	148 (91)	1.05	0.54
Age, mean (range, years)	27 (17–42)	28 (21–42)	10.37	0.32
Education, N (%)			8.93	0.06
Junior high school or lower	5 (10)	7 (4)
Senior high school	40 (84)	124 (77)
Diploma or higher	3 (6)	31 (19)
Marital status, N (%)			3.63	0.60
Married	16 (33)	47 (29)
Widowed, separated, or divorced	4 (8)	24 (15)
Never married	28 (59)	91 (56)
Income from employment in the last 30 days (thousand rupiah), mean (SD)	969 (1,730)	1,191 (2,639)	0.87	0.59
Drug use
Age first injected drugs, mean (SD)	18 (4)	18 (3)	6.07	0.34
Injected drugs in lifetime, mean (SD)	5 (4)	8 (4)	0.27	<0.01
Injected drugs in the last 30 days, N (%)	17 (35)	89 (55)	5.65	0.02
Overdose, N (%)	11 (23)	88 (54)	14.66	<0.01
Cigarettes smoked in the last 30 days, mean (SD)	370 (205)	459 (252)	2.05	0.03
Drug composite score (0–1), mean (SD)	0.13 (0.10)	0.18 (0.13)	3.12	0.03
Alcohol composite score (0–1), mean (SD)	0.25 (0.18)	0.16 (0.20)	2.70	<0.01
Risk behavior, N (%)	42 (88)	124 (77)	2.68	0.11
Injecting risk behavior (0–100), mean (SD)	5 (10)	5 (8)	0.27	0.95
Sexual risk behavior (0–40), mean (SD)	2 (3)	3 (5)	6.30	0.23
Other risk behavior (0–30), mean (SD)	3 (4)	2 (3)	0.06	0.26
Knowledge on HIV (0–10), mean (SD)	8 (2)	9 (2)	1.57	0.02
Medical condition
Have chronic problem, N (%)	24 (50)	64 (40)	1.68	0.24
Have been tested for HIV, N (%)	23 (48)	134 (83)	23.77	P < 0.01
HIV+, N (%) (N = 157)	9 (43)	82 (66)	4.44	0.06
AIDS+, N (%) (N = 91)	1 (11)	24 (29)	3.04	0.44
HIV treatment, N (%), (N = 91)	3 (33)	51 (62)	2.8	0.15
Tested for hepatitis C, N (%)	21 (44)	104 (64)	6.43	0.01
Hepatitis C+, N (%) (N = 125)	9 (43)	71 (68)	4.90	0.04
Medical composite score (0–1), mean (SD)	0.39 (0.20)	0.43 (0.22)	3.40	0.54
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	20 (2)	21 (3)	4.72	0.02
Psychiatric condition in lifetime
Depression, N (%)	28 (58)	96 (59)	0.01	1.00
Anxiety, N (%)	41 (85)	129 (80)	0.41	0.25
Memory problems, N (%)	35 (73)	119 (74)	0.01	1.00
Hallucination, N (%)	15 (31)	63 (39)	0.93	0.40
Trouble in controlling violent behavior, N (%)	27 (56)	88 (54)	0.06	0.87
Ever treated for psychiatric problems, N (%)	8 (17)	53 (33)	4.63	0.03
Psychiatric composite score (0–1), mean (SD)	0.24 (0.16)	0.17 (0.20)	3.63	0.40

Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Types of substance abuse treatment modalities ever accessed by people who inject drugs

Substance abuse treatment modalities (N = 162)	%
Outpatient detoxification	22
Residential detoxification	26
Outpatient substitution	57
Outpatient drug-free	12
Residential drug-free	36
Day care	7
Psychiatric care	15
Other medical services	13
Traditional/faith-based treatment	56

Table 3 Associations between types of substance abuse treatment with HIV testing and HIV treatment (N = 162)

Type of HIV programs in several types of substance abuse treatment	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
HIV testing
Outpatient detoxification	2.4 (0.9–6.4)	1.1 (0.3–3.4)
Residential detoxification	9.0 (2.1–38.7)**	4.0 (0.8–19.1)
Outpatient substitution	6.6 (2.9–15.0)**	5.8 (2.5–13.9)**
Outpatient drug-free	2.0 (0.6–7.2)	1.1 (0.2–4.6)
Residential drug-free	3.9 (1.6–9.7)**	3.7 (1.4–9.7)**
Psychiatric care	2.7 (0.8–9.5)	1.4 (0.4–5.7)
Other medical services	2.3 (0.7–8.1)	1.5 (0.3–6.8)
Traditional/faith-based treatment	1.6 (0.9–3.2)	0.9 (0.4–2.0)
HIV treatment
Outpatient detoxification	1.7 (0.8–3.5)	0.9 (0.3–2.2)
Residential detoxification	2.0 (1.0–4.0)*	0.9 (0.4–2.2)
Outpatient substitution	3.6 (1.9–6.7)**	3.8 (1.9–7.5)**
Outpatient drug-free	2.1 (0.8–5.4)	1.9 (0.7–5.5)
Residential drug-free	1.7 (1.0–3.6)*	2.0 (0.9–4.1)
Psychiatric care	2.1 (0.9–4.8)	1.8 (0.7–4.9)
Other medical services	2.7 (1.1–6.6)*	3.1 (1.1–8.7)*
Traditional/faith-based treatment	1.1 (0.6–2.1)	0.6 (0.3–1.3)

Notes:

** P < 0.01;

* P < 0.05.

Day-care treatment was not included in multivariate analyses because one of the blocks in a 2 × 2 table was 0.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio.