Determinants of Hypertension Among Patients with Diabetes mellitus in Public Hospitals of Kembata Tambaro Zone, South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia, 2021; A Case Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Study Participants for a Study on Determinants of Hypertension Among DM Patients in All Public Hospitals of Kambata Tambaro Zone, 2021 (n = 326).

Patient Category
Variables		Cases	Controls	Total
		Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)
Age	18–30	9(5.5)	33(20.2)	42(12.9)
	31–39	18(11.0)	27(16.6)	45(13.8)
	40–49	40(24.5)	52(31.9)	92(28.2)
	≥50	96(58.9)	51(31.3)	147(45.1)
Sex	Male	99(60.7)	96(58.9)	195(59.8)
	Female	64(39.3)	67(41.1)	131(40.2)
Marital status	Single	16(9.8)	34(20.9)	50(15.3)
	Married	124(76.1)	121(74.2)	245(75.2)
	Divorced	7(4.3)	3(1.8)	10(3.1)
	Widowed	16(9.8)	5(3.1)	21(6.4)
Educational status	Unable to read and write	24(14.7)	11(6.7)	43(13.2)
	Able to read and write	26(16.0)	27(16.3)	47(14.4)
	Primary (1–8)	35(21.5)	37(22.7)	73(22.4)
	Secondary (9–12)	57(35.0)	65(39.9)	122(37.4)
	College and above	19(11.7)	22(13.5)	41(12.6)
Residence	Urban	80(49.1)	67(41.1)	147(45.1)
	Rural	83(50.9)	96(58.9)	179(54.9)
Occupation	House wife	29(17.8)	23(14.1)	52(16.0)
	Private employee	22(13.5)	27(16.60)	49(15.0)
	Government employee	19(11.7)	25(15.3)	44(13.5)
	Merchant	37(22.7)	44(27.0)	81(24.8)
	Farmer	51(31.3)	26(16.0)	77(23.6)
	Student	4(2.5)	16(9.8)	20(6.1)
	Daily laborer	1(0.6)	2(1.2)	3(0.9)
Monthly Income (in ETB)	<1000	50(30.69)	55(33.7)	105(32.2)
	1000–1999	43(26.41)	33(20.3)	76(23.3)
	≥2000	70(42.9)	75(46)	145(76.7)

Abbreviations: ETB: Ethiopian Birr.

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of Determinants of Hypertension Among DM Patients in All Public Hospitals of Kambata Tambaro Zone, 2021 (n = 326).

Patient Category
Variables		Cases	Controls	Total
		Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)
Type of DM	Type I	34(20.9)	40(24.5)	74(22.7)
	Type II	129(79.1)	123(75.5)	252(77.3)
Duration of DM	<5 years	69(42.3)	99(60.7)	168(51.5)
	≥5 years	94(57.7)	64(39.3)	158(48.5)
Type of medication	Insulin	37(22.7)	57(35.0)	94(28.8)
	Oral hypoglycemic	88(54.0)	82(50.3)	170(52.1)
	Both	38(23.3)	24(14.7)	62(19.0)
Family history of hypertension	Yes	46(28.2)	26(16.0)	72(22.1)
	No	117(71.8)	137(84.0)	254(77.9)
Family history of DM	Yes	41(25.2)	30(18.4)	71(21.8)
	No	122(74.8)	133(81.6)	255(78.2)
Availability of glucometer at home	Yes	39(23.9)	56(34.4)	97(29.8)
	No	124(76.1)	107(65.6)	229(70.2)
Glycemic control	Good	57(35.0)	63(38.7)	120(36.8)
	Poor	106(65.0)	100(61.3)	206(63.2)
BMI	Underweight	3(1.8)	8(4.9)	11(3.4)
	Normal Weight	124(76.1)	122(74.8)	246(75.5)
	Overweight	36(22.1)	33(20.2)	69(21.1)

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, Body Mass Index.

Table 3 Lifestyle Determinants of Hypertension Among DM Patients in All Public Hospitals of Kambata Tambaro Zone, 2021 (n = 326).

Patient Category
Variables		Cases	Controls	Total
		Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)
Diet adherence	Adhered	56(34.4)	97(59.5)	153(46.9)
	Not-adhered	107(65.6)	66(40.5)	173(53.1)
Physical activity	Physically Active	10(17.9)	49(30.1)	59(18.1)
	Sedentary	153(93.9)	114(69.9)	267(81.9)
History of smoking	Yes	26(16.0)	16(9.8)	42(12.9)
	No	137(84.0)	147(90.2)	284(87.1)
Current smoking status	Yes	13(50.0)	5(31.2)	18(42.9)
	No	13(50.0)	11(68.8)	24(57.1)
History of alcohol drinking	Yes	57(35.0)	21(12.9)	78(23)
	No	106(65.0)	142(87.1)	248(76)
Current alcohol drinking status	Yes	32(56.1)	8(43.2)	40(51.2)
	No	25(43.9)	13(56.8)	38(48.8)
History of khat chewing	Yes	24(14.7)	19(11.7)	43(13.2)
	No	139(85.3)	144(88.3)	283(86.8)
Current khat chewing status	Yes	7(29.2)	5(26.3)	12(27.9)
	No	17(70.8)	14(73.7)	31(72.1)

Table 4 Service-Related Factors of Determinants of Hypertension Among DM Patients in Public Hospitals of Kambata Tambaro Zone, 2021 (n = 326).

Patient Category
Variables		Cases	Controls	Total
		Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)
Attend DM health education	Yes	90(55.2)	110(67.5)	200(61.3)
	No	73(44.8)	53(32.5)	126(38.7)
Member of diabetic association	Yes	19(11.7)	27(16.6)	46(14.1)
	No	144(88.3)	136(83.4)	280(85.9)
Medication cost covered by	Self	81(49.7)	67(41.1)	148(45.4)
	Family	28(17.1)	39(23.9)	67(20.6)
	Free	6(3.7)	6(3.7)	12(3.7)
	Employer Organization	7(4.3)	10(6.1)	17(5.2)
	Health Insurance	41(25.2)	41(25.2)	82(25.1)

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus.

Table 5 Factors Associated with Determinants of Hypertension Among DM Patients in Multivariable Logistic Regression in Public Hospitals of Kambata Tambaro Zone, 2021 (n = 326).

Patient Category				COR	AOR
Variables		Cases	Controls
		Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)
Age	18–30	9(5.5)	33(20.2)	1	1
	31–39	18(11.0)	27(16.6)	2.44(1.947–6.3)	3.17(0.83–12.16)
	40–49	40(24.5)	52(31.9)	2.82(1.21–6.56)	2.84(0.71–11.38)
	≥50	96(58.9)	51(31.3)	6.9(3.0–15.5)	7.00(1.69–28.96)**
Marital status	Single	16(9.8)	34(20.9)	1	1
	Married	124(76.1)	121(74.2)	2.18(1.14–4.13)	0.62(0.19–2.00)
	Divorced	7(4.3)	3(1.8)	4.95(1.13–21.72)	1.05(0.17–6.52)
	Widowed	16(9.8)	5(3.1)	6.8(2.11–21.84)	1.86(0.35–9.87)
Family history of HTN	Yes	46(28.2%)	26(16.0%)	2.07(1.20–3.55)	1.79(0.93–3.42)
	No	117(71.8%)	137(84%)	1	1
Availability of glucometer at home	Yes	39(23.9%)	56(34.4)	1	1
	No	124(76.1%)	107(65.6%)	1.66(1.02–2.69)	1.57(0.87–2.83)
Physical activity	Physically active	10(6.1%)	49(30.1%)	1	1
	Sedentary	153(93.9%)	114(69.9%)	6.57(3.19–13.53)	5.84(2.47–13.81)**
History of drinking alcohol	Yes	57(35.0%)	21(12.9%)	3.63(2.07–6.36)	2.61(1.35–5.03)**
	No	106(65.0%)	142(87.1)	1	1
Attend DM health education	Yes	90(55.2%)	110(67.5)	1	1
	No	73(44.8%)	53(32.5%)	1.68(1.07–2.64)	1.21(0.69–2.12)
Duration of DM	<5 years	69(42.3%)	99(60.7%)	1	1
	≥5 years	94(57.7%)	64(49.3%)	2.1(1.35–3.27)	1.30(0.71–2.37)
Adherence to DM medication	Yes	72(44.7%)	121(73.0%)	1	1
	No	89(55.3%)	44(27.0%)	3.34(2.1–5.3)	1.41(0.75–2.66)
Adherence to diet	Yes	56(34.4%)	97(59.5%)	2.8(1.79–4.4)	1.27(0.68–2.36)
	No	107(65.6%)	66(40.5%)	1	1
Knowledge	Good	51(31.3%)	108(66.3)	1	1
	Poor	112(68.7%)	55(33.7%)	4.31(2.71–6.85)	3.04(1.69–5.47)**

Notes: 1 indicates reference category **Indicates variables significant at p-value <0.05 on AOR.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus.