The Impact of the Working Hours Among Malaysian Nurses on Their Ill-Being, Intention to Leave, and the Perceived Quality of Care: A Cross-Sectional Study During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Data of the Respondents (N=400)

Category	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)
Age
< 25 years old	19	4.8
25–30 years old	108	27
31–35 years old	132	33
> 35 years old	141	35.3
Gender
Male	25	6.2
Female	375	93.8
Marital status
Single	47	11.8
Married	349	87.3
(Divorced/Widowed)	4	1
Educational level
Diploma	357	89.3
Bachelor Degree	14	3.5
Other	29	7.2
Working Experience
<1 year	19	4.8
1–5 years	56	14
6–10 years	136	34
11–15 years	98	24.5
>15 years	91	22.8
Chronic Health Problem
Yes	25	6.2
No	375	93.8
Hours worked in the last shift
7 hours	205	51.2
8 hours	106	26.5
10 hours	57	14.2
12 hours	5	1.3
> 14 hours	27	6.8

Table 2 Working Hours and Nurse Ill-Being, Quality of Nursing Care and Intention to Leave

ANOVA
		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Depression	Between Groups	928.70	4	232.17	23.04	0.000
	Within Groups	3980.26	395	10.07
	Total	4908.97	399
Anxiety	Between Groups	331.43	4	82.85	10.36	0.000
	Within Groups	3150.49	394	7.80
	Total	3481.93	398
Fatigue	Between Groups	2819.15	4	704.78	24.23	0.000
	Within Groups	11,488.5	395	29.08
	Total	14,307.7	399
Sleepiness	Between Groups	877.77	4	219.44	4.32	0.002
	Within Groups	20,048.1	395	50.75
	Total	20,925.8	399
Quality of nursing care	Between Groups	796.32	4	199.08	16.21	0.000
	Within Groups	4852.32	395	12.28
	Total	5648.64	399
Intention to leave	Between Groups	12,582.68	4	3145.67	50.28	0.000
	Within Groups	24,708.92	395	62.55
	Total	37,291.60	399

Table 3 Summary of the Post Hoc Analyses with Tukey’s HSD Results

Working Hours (Shift)	Anxiety (Mean ± SD)	Depression (Mean ± SD)	Chalder Fatigue (Mean ± SD)	Karolinska Sleepiness (Mean ± SD)	Quality of Nursing Care (Mean ± SD)	Intention to Leave (Mean ± SD)
7 hours	10.71 ± 2.56^a	12.59 ± 3.06^a	20.06 ± 4.92^a	22.79 ± 7.55^c	18.58 ± 3.89^a	19.35 ± 7.69^a
8 hours	11.29 ± 2.65^a	12.59 ± 2.99^a	20.85 ± 6.05^a	23.11 ± 6.53^c	19.00 ± 2.59^a	20.38 ± 7.07^a
10 hours	11.49 ± 2.91^a	12.44 ± 3.54^a	20.72 ± 5.71^a	24.77 ± 7.33	18.44 ± 3.56^a	20.54 ± 7.33^a
12 hours	13.40 ± 3.51	13.80 ± 2.28^a	22.80 ± 10.43^a	30.20 ± 6.80	16.80 ± 3.03	28.20 ±12.70^a
>14 hours	14.26 ± 4.65	18.63 ± 3.94^b	30.85 ± 4.13^b	27.56 ± 5.37	13.15 ± 3.48	41.89 ± 11.98^b

Notes: ^aNurses in this group significantly differed from nurses working over 14-hour shifts at p< 0.001. ^bNurses in this group significantly differed from nurses working 12-hour shifts at p< 0.05.

Figure 1 Working hours and anxiety.

Figure 2 Working hours and depression.

Figure 3 Working hours and fatigue.

Figure 4 Working hours and sleepiness.

Figure 5 Working hours and the quality of nursing care.

Figure 6 Working hours and the intention to leave.