Validation Study of the Revised Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS): A Cross-Sectional Survey in Poland

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant Demographic Characteristics

	1st Year (N = 350)		2nd Year (N = 503)		Total (N = 853)
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Gender
Female	329	94.0	472	93.8	801	93.9
Male	21	6.0	31	6.2	52	6.1
Place of residence
Countryside	79	22.6	89	17.7	168	19.7
Village (population up to 50,000)	52	14.9	82	16.3	134	15.7
Small town (51,000–200,000)	45	12.9	75	14.9	120	14.1
Large town (201,000–500,000)	59	16.9	102	20.3	161	18.9
City >500,000	115	32.9	152	30.2	267	31.3
Missing data	0	0.0	3	0.6	3	0.4
Age (years)
≤30	239	68.3	314	62.4	553	64.8
31–40	20	5.7	41	8.2	61	7.2
41–50	69	19.7	103	20.5	172	20.2
>50	20	5.7	32	6.4	52	6.1
Missing data	2	0.6	13	2.6	15	1.8
Clinical experience (years)
≥3	269	76.9	451	89.7	720	84.4
<3	72	20.6	41	8.2	113	13.2
Missing data	9	2.5	11	2.1	20	2.4
Spiritual care training*
Yes	249	71.1	359	71.4	608	71.3
No	98	28.0	133	26.4	231	27.1
Missing data	3	0.9	11	2.2	14	1.6
Communication skills training**
Yes	52	14.9	88	17.5	140	16.4
No	292	83.4	392	77.9	684	80.2
Missing data	6	1.7	23	4.6	29	3.4

Notes: *Declared participation in training covering the issues of spirituality, spiritual care and spiritual needs of patients; **Declared participation in a communication skills course.

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics for SSCRS_P Scores

Item	Mean	SD	Skew	Kurtosis	K^2	p-value**
SSCRS_1	4.13	1.31	−1.41	0.71	179.220	<0.001
SSCRS_2	4.09	1.29	−1.42	0.79	181.486	<0.001
SSCRS_3	3.73	1.17	−0.67	−0.31	58.842	<0.001
SSCRS_4*	4.07	1.27	−1.27	0.47	150.682	<0.001
SSCRS_5	3.55	1.39	−0.60	−0.93	169.444	<0.001
SSCRS_6	3.89	1.19	−1.04	0.25	111.050	<0.001
SSCRS_7	3.99	1.19	−1.21	0.57	143.032	<0.001
SSCRS_8	3.58	1.24	−0.57	−0.59	66.663	<0.001
SSCRS_9	3.63	1.17	−0.58	−0.37	49.480	<0.001
SSCRS_10	3.58	1.21	−0.56	−0.49	54.608	<0.001
SSCRS_11	3.84	1.23	−0.97	−0.07	98.545	<0.001
SSCRS_12	3.74	1.24	−0.79	−0.31	76.611	<0.001
SSCRS_13*	3.17	1.27	0.01	−0.99	176.461	<0.001
SSCRS_14	4.11	1.13	−1.35	1.07	177.943	<0.001
SSCRS_15	3.85	1.14	−0.85	−0.04	79.377	<0.001
SSCRS_16*	3.66	1.25	−0.62	−0.50	62.888	<0.001
SSCRS_17	3.83	1.19	−0.90	0.01	87.699	<0.001
Total score	60.66	10.94	−0.92	1.28	115.147	<0.001

Notes: *Reverse score items; **D’Agostino’s K-squared test.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Principal Component Analysis

Initial Eigenvalues
Component	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %
1	7.018	41.285	41.285
2	1.897	11.158	52.443
3	1.269	7.462	59.905

Table 4 Pattern Matrix with Loadings for Each Item on Each of the Three Factors (Rotation Method: Oblimin; Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis)

Item		Statement	Component
			1	2	3
A	SSCRS_1	… nurses provide spiritual care by arranging a visit by the hospital chaplain or the patient’s own religious leader if requested	0.807	0.298	−0.219
B	SSCRS_2	… nurses provide spiritual care by showing kindness, concern and cheerfulness when giving care	0.856	0.345	−0.223
C	SSCRS_3	… spirituality is concerned with a need to forgive and a need to be forgiven	0.717	0.400	−0.020
D	SSCRS_4	… spirituality involves only going to church/place of worship	−0.491	−0.144	0.618
E	SSCRS_5	… spirituality is not concerned with a belief and faith in a God or supreme being	0.417	0.238	−0.357
F	SSCRS_6	… spirituality is about finding meaning in the good and bad events of life	0.743	0.476	−0.292
G	SSCRS_7	… nurses provide spiritual care by spending time with a patient, giving support and reassurance, especially in time of need	0.819	0.555	−0.286
H	SSCRS_8	… nurses provide spiritual care by enabling a patient to find meaning and purpose in their illness	0.404	0.787	−0.043
I	SSCRS_9	… spirituality is about having a sense of hope in life	0.384	0.838	−0.046
J	SSCRS_10	… spirituality is to do with the way one conducts one’s life here and now	0.341	0.797	−0.061
K	SSCRS_11	… nurses provide spiritual care by listening to and allowing patients time to discuss and explore their fears, anxieties and troubles	0.505	0.810	−0.225
L	SSCRS_12	… spirituality is a unifying force which enables one to be at peace with oneself and the world	0.457	0.810	−0.217
M	SSCRS_13	… spirituality does not include areas such as art, creativity and self-expression	−0.032	−0.080	0.774
N	SSCRS_14	… nurses provide spiritual care by having respect for privacy, dignity and religious and cultural beliefs of a patient	0.824	0.483	−0.329
O	SSCRS_15	… spirituality involves personal friendships, relationships	0.758	0.491	−0.210
P	SSCRS_16	… spirituality does not apply to Atheists or Agnostics	−0.359	−0.125	0.709
Q	SSCRS_17	… spirituality includes people’s morals	0.635	0.357	−0.218

Note: Items in factor are grey.

Figure 1 Detailed results of the CFA are depicted on the structural model.

Table 5 Test–Retest Reliability Analysis

Item	ICC	Domain ICC (95% CI)*
SSCRS_1	0.902	0.952 (0.933; 0.968) P < 0.001
SSCRS_2	0.583
SSCRS_3	0.846
SSCRS_5	0.913
SSCRS_6	0.927
SSCRS_7	0.576
SSCRS_14	0.759
SSCRS_15	0.572
SSCRS_17	0.474
SSCRS_8	0.599	0.904 (0.865; 0.935) P < 0.001
SSCRS_9	0.858
SSCRS_10	0.823
SSCRS_11	0.517
SSCRS_12	0.835
SSCRS_4	0.869	0.849 (0.781; 0.900) P < 0.001
SSCRS_13	0.873
SSCRS_16	0.933

Note: *ICCs values >0.75 indicated good reliability.

Abbreviations: ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Table 6 Results of the Between-Group Comparisons of the SSCRS_P Scores

	M	SD	t	p-value*	d (95% CI)
Communication skills course
Yes	62.78	9.70	2.606	0.009	0.24 (0.06–0.42)
No	60.15	11.12
Spiritual care training
Yes	61.28	11.00	2.509	0.012	0.20 (0.04–0.35)
No	59.15	10.56

Note: *Student’s t-test.

Abbreviations: d, Cohen’s d coefficient; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.