ModAsian FINDRISC as a Screening Tool for People with Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Vietnam: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 The distributions of participants in the study settings.

Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Population and Diabetes Risk Levels

Variables	Total (n=2258)	Diabetes Risk Levels by FINDRISC Scores
		Low & Slightly Risk (n=2040)	Moderate Risk (n=161)	High & Very High Risk (n=57)	p-value *
Residental location					0.01^a
City area	732 (32.4)	641 (87.6)	60 (8.2)	31 (4.2)
Delta region	563 (24.9)	503 (89.3)	47 (8.3)	13 (2.3)
Coastal region	530 (23.5)	490 (92.5)	31 (5.8)	9 (1.7)
Mountainous area	433 (19.2)	406 (93.8)	23 (5.3)	4 (0.9)
Age (years)	54.9 ± 14.0
18–44	532 (23.6)	523 (98.3)	8 (1.5)	1 (0.2)
45–54	547 (24.2)	512 (93.6)	26 (4.8)	9 (1.6)
55–64	591 (26.2)	524 (88.7)	49 (8.3)	18 (3.0)
>64	588 (26.0)	481 (81.8)	78 (13.3)	29 (4.9)
Gender					<0.01^a
Male	769 (34.1)	720 (93.6)	36 (4.7)	13 (1.7)
Female	1489 (65.9)	1320 (88.6)	125 (8.4)	44 (3.0)
Marital status					0.010^a
Single/ Divorced/ Widowed	364 (16.1)	315 (86.5)	37 (10.2)	14 (3.8)
Married	1894 (83.9)	1725 (91.1)	124 (6.6)	43 (2.3)
Highest level of education					0.002^a
Illiteracy	451 (20.0)	387 (85.8)	50 (11.1)	14 (3.1)
Primary & Secondary school	1232 (54.6)	1129 (91.6)	70 (5.7)	33 (2.7)
Tertiary school or higher	575 (25.5)	524 (91.1)	41 (7.1)	10 (1.7)
Occupational status					<0.01^a
Working	1761 (78.0)	1632 (92.7)	97 (5.5)	32 (1.8)
Retired or infirmity	497 (22.0)	408 (82.1)	64 (12.9)	25 (5.0)
Smoking					0.987^b
No	1789 (79.3)	1611 (90.1)	133 (7.4)	45 (2.5)
Low	206 (9.1)	182 (88.3)	17 (8.3)	7 (3.4)
Moderate	156 (6.9)	145 (93.0)	10 (6.4)	1 (0.6)
High	107 (4.7)	102 (95.4)	1 (0.9)	4 (3.7)
Alcohol use in the last 30 days					0.048^a
Yes	675 (29.9)	625 (92.6)	39 (5.8)	11 (1.6)
No	1583 (70.1)	1415 (89.4)	122 (7.7)	46 (2.9)
Systolic BP (mmHg)	124.43 ± 20.48	123.30 ± 19.97	136.18 ± 22.69	131.75 ± 20.21	< 0.01^c
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	77.55 ± 11.81	77.10 ± 11.69	82.47 ± 12.27	79.91 ± 11.47	< 0.01^c
Lipid profile (mmol/L)
Total cholesterol	4.88 ± 0.98	4.85 ± 0.97	5.10 ± 1.04	5.09 ± 1.02	< 0.01^c
Triglyceride	1.72 ± 1.46	1.69 ± 1.49	1.98 ± 1.05	2.03 ± 1.04	< 0.01^c
LDL-C	3.26 ± 0.92	3.24 ± 0.91	3.49 ± 0.97	3.48 ± 1.02	< 0.01^c
HDL-C	1.39 ± 0.38	1.41 ± 0.37	1.29 ± 0.41	1.23 ± 0.31	< 0.01^c
Dyslipidaemia					0.03^a
Yes	1940 (85.9)	1736 (89.5)	150 (7.7)	54 (2.8)
No	318 (14.1)	304 (95.6)	11 (3.5)	3 (0.9)
Waist circumference (cm)^d
< 80 (m), < 70 (f)	779 (34.5)	776 (99.6)	3 (0.4)	0 (0.0)
80–90 (m), 70–80 (f)	991 (43.9)	918 (92.6)	57 (5.8)	16 (1.6)
> 90 (m), > 80 (f)	488 (21.6)	346 (70.9)	101 (20.7)	41 (8.4)
BMI (kg/m^2)
< 23	1575 (69.8)	1524 (96.8)	41 (2.6)	10 (0.6)
23 – <25	387 (17.1)	333 (86.0)	44 (11.4)	10 (2.6)
≥ 25	296 (13.1)	183 (61.8)	76 (25.7)	37 (12.5)
Use of antihypertensive medication regularly
No	1826 (80.9)	1735 (95.0)	68 (3.7)	23 (1.3)
Yes	432 (19.1)	305 (70.6)	93 (21.5)	34 (7.9)
History of high blood glucose
No	2173 (96.2)	2011 (92.5)	135 (6.2)	27 (1.2)
Yes	85 (3.8)	29 (34.1)	26 (30.6)	30(35.3)
Physical activity
< 30 min per day	524 (23.2)	428 (81.7)	64 (12.2)	32 (6.1)
≥ 30 min per day	1734 (76.8)	1612 (93.0)	97 (5.6)	25 (1.4)
Daily consumption of vegetables, fruits, or berries
No	688 (30.5)	611 (88.8)	57 (8.3)	20 (2.9)
Yes	1570 (69.5)	1429 (91.0)	104 (6.6)	37 (2.4)
Family history of diabetes
No	2011 (89.1)	1864 (92.7)	113 (5.6)	34 (1.7)
Yes, 2nd degree relative	152 (6.7)	124 (81.6)	22 (14.5)	6 (3.9)
Yes, 1st degree relative	95 (4.2)	52 (54.7)	26 (27.4)	17 (17.9)

Notes: Values are given as numbers (%) or mean ± SD; ^aresults of the Chi-square test; ^bResults of Linear-by-Linear Association; ^cResults of the ANOVA test; ^d(m) for male, (f) for female.

Abbreviations: BP, Blood pressure; LDL-C, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, High density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, Body Mass Index.

Table 2 The Risk of Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Next 10-Year by ModAsian FINDRISC

Index			n (%)	No. of people Predicted to Develop T2DM Within 10 Years ^a	The Percentage of People Predicted to Develop T2DM Within 10 Years (%)
ModAsian FINDRISC	0–6	Very low	1087 (48.14)	10	0.48
	7–11	Slightly elevated	953 (42.21)	38	1.69
	12–14	Moderate	161 (7.13)	27	1.19
	15–20	High	56 (2.48)	19	0.83
	21–30	Very high	1 (0.04)	1	0.02
Total			2258 (100.0)	95	4.21

Note: ^aApproximately values.

Abbreviation: T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Area Under Curve of the Factors of the ModAsian FINDRISC

Risk Factors	AUC	p	95% CI
Age	0.685	< 0.001	0.627–0.743
Body mass index	0.840	< 0.001	0.792–0.888
Waist circumference	0.824	< 0.001	0.777–0.871
Physical activity	0.669	< 0.001	0.592–0.746
Vegetable consumption	0.524	0.541	0.447–0.601
History of taken antihypertensive medication regularly	0.708	< 0.001	0.632–0.784
History has been found of high blood glucose	0.659	< 0.001	0.574–0.744
Family history of diabetes mellitus	0.751	< 0.001	0.668–0.833

Abbreviations: AUC, Area Under the Curve; CI, Confident Interval.

Figure 2 The ROC of risk factors in the ModAsian FINRISC.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; DM, Diabetes mellitus.

Table 4 Multivariate Regression Model of Factors Related to Predicting High and Very High 10-Year Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (n = 2258)

Factors		OR	95% CI	p
Residental Location	City area	1
	Delta region	5.62	1.91–16.54	0.002
	Coastal region	2.44	0.78–7.59	0.124
	Mountainous area	1.77	0.54–5.83	0.348
Sex	Female	1
	Male	0.75	0.34–1.67	0.483
Highest level of education	Illiteracy	1
	Primary & Secondary school	2.13	0.86–5.27	0.101
	Tertiary school or higher	1.948	0.93–4.06	0.076
Occupational status	Retiree/infirmity	1
	Working	0.35	0.20–0.62	<0.001
Marital status	Single/Divorced/Widow/Widower	1
	Married	1.33	0.70–2.52	0.381
Smoking	No	1
	Yes	0.631	0.29–1.36	0.242
Alcohol consumption in 30 days	No	1
	Yes	1.34	0.64–2.81	0.440
Dyslipidemia	No	1
	Yes	2.45	0.76–7.98	0.140

Abbreviations: OR, Odd ratio; CI, Confident Interval.