Mental Health and Sleep Quality of Healthcare Providers After Partial Relief of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics

Variable	n (%)
Gender
Male	108 (29.2)
Female	262 (70.8)
Age group (years)
20–29	229 (61.9)
30–39	92 (24.9)
40–49	32 (8.6)
50–59	13 (3.5)
More than 60	4 (1.1)
Marital status
Single	235 (63.5)
Married	135 (36.5)
Occupation
Applied health practitioner	112 (30.3)
Nurse	99 (26.8)
Trainee	90 (24.3)
Physician	69 (18.6)
Housing status
Living alone	64 (17.3)
Living with others	38 (10.3)
Living with family	268 (72.4)
Frequency of contact with COVID-19 patients
No contact	82 (22.2)
Once a week	137 (37.0)
2–3 times a week	94 (25.4)
More than 3 times a week	57 (15.4)

Table 2 Association of Sociodemographic Variables with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress Scores from DASS-21

Variable	Anxiety	Depression	Stress
Gender
Male	5.00 (9.00)	4.00 (9.00)	2.00 (4.00)
Female	4.00 (6.00)	4.00 (7.00)	3.00 (4.00)
	p=0.814	p=0.320	p=0.575
Age group (years)
20–29	5.00 (7.00)	4.00 (8.00)	3.00 (5.00)
30–39	4.00 (7.75)	5.50 (8.75)	1.00 (3.00)
40–49	1.50 (6.50)	3.00 (7.75)	1.00 (3.00)
50–59	0.00 (4.00)	1.00 (5.50)	1.00 (2.00)
More than 60	5.50 (15.50)	6.50 (14.5)	1.00 (3.00)
	p=0.006	p=0.117	p<0.001
Marital status
Single	5.00 (8.00)	4.00 (8.00)	2.00 (4.00)
Married	4.00 (7.00)	4.00 (8.00)	2.00 (4.00)
	p=0.416	p=0.685	p=0.486
Occupation
Physician	4.00 (8.00)	5.00 (9.00)	2.00 (3.00)
Applied health practitioner	4.00 (7.00)	4.00 (7.00)	3.00 (4.00)
Nurse	3.00 (7.00)	3.00 (7.00)	2.00 (4.00)
Trainee	5.00 (7.00)	5.00 (9.00)	3.00 (5.00)
	p=0.125	p=0.272	p=0.522
Relationship status
Living alone	4.00 (9.00)	4.50 (9.00)	1.50 (4.00)
Living with others	2.00 (7.00)	1.00 (6.50)	2.00 (2.00)
Living with family	5.00 (6.00)	4.00 (8.00)	3.00 (4.00)
	p=0.023	p=0.013	p=0.109
No contact	3.00 (8.00)	3.00 (8.00)	2.00 (5.00)
Once a week	3.00 (6.00)	3.00 (7.00)	2.00 (4.00)
2–3 times a week	6.00 (7.00)	7.00 (8.00)	3.00 (5.00)
More than 3 times a week	5.00 (9.00)	6.00 (9.50)	2.00 (4.00)
	p<0.001	p<0.001	p=0.277

Notes: Data are presented as median (interquartile range). Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare differences between two groups. Kruskal–Wallis H test was used to for comparison between more than two groups. Bold font indicates a p<0.05 and was considered statistically significant.

Table 3 Association Between Sociodemographic Variables and PSQI Scores

Variable	PSQI score, Median (IQR)	p
Gender
Male	9.00 (4.25)	0.616
Female	10.00 (5.00)
Age group (years)
20–29	10.00 (4.00)	0.002
30–39	10.00 (6.00)
40–49	9.00 (5.00)
50–59	9.00 (5.50)
More than 60	9.00 (6.50)
Marital status
Single	9.00 (3.00)	0.105
Married	10.00 (6.00)
Occupation
Physician	9.00 (4.00)	0.015
Applied health practitioner	9.00 (5.00)
Nurse	9.00 (5.50)
Trainee	10.00 (3.50)
Housing status
Living alone	9.00 (4.00)	0.570
Living with others	9.00 (7.00)
Living with family	10.00 (4.00)
Frequency of contact with COVID-19 patients
No contact	9.00 (3.00)	0.169
Once a week	11.00 (4.75)
2–3 times a week	10.00 (5.25)
More than 3 times a week	9.00 (5.00)

Notes: Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare two groups. Kruskal–Wallis H test was used to for comparison between more than two groups. Bold font indicates a p<0.05 and was considered statistically significant.

Table 4 Correlation Analysis of DASS-21 Parameters Scores and PSQI

Variable	Min	Max	Median	IQR	1	2	3
1. DASS-21-Stress	0	9	2	4
2. DASS-21- Depression	0	21	4	8	0.137**
3. DASS-21- Anxiety	0	21	5	8	0.154**	0.814***
4.PSQI	3	21	10	5	0.076	0.268***	0.278***

Notes: DASS-21, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Spearman’s rank test was used for correlation analysis.