Relationships Between Hair Chemical Elements and Nutritional Status in Oldest-Old and Centenarian Populations

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Characteristics Based on Gender and Age in All Particpants

	Total (n=152)	Male (n=35)	Female (n=117)	P	80≤Age<100 (n=92)	Age≥100 (n=60)	P
Age^a	92.00 (86.00, 102.00)	100.00 (84.00, 104.00)	91.00 (86.00, 101.00)	0.173	87.00 (82.00, 91.00)	103.00 (101.00, 105.00)
Sex^b
Male	35(23.0)				15(16.3)	20(33.3)	0.015
Female	117(77.0)				77(83.7)	40(66.7)
Educational level, %^b
Illiteracy	138(90.8)	25(71.4)	113(96.6)	<0.001	79(85.9)	59(98.3)	0.009
Literacy	14(9.2)	10(28.6)	4(3.4)		13(14.1)	1(1.7)
Smoking, %^b
No	143(94.1)	27(77.1)	116(99.1)	<0.001	87(94.6)	56(93.3)	0.753
Yes	9(5.9)	8(22.9)	1(0.9)		5(5.4)	4(6.7)
Outgoing^b (without wheelchair)
No	27(17.8)	8(22.9)	19(16.2)	0.369	6(6.5)	21(35.0)	<0.001
Yes	125(82.2)	27(77.1)	98(83.8)		86(93.5)	39(65.0)
Height^a	145.00 (139.00, 151.00)	156.00 (151.00, 160.00)	143.00 (137.50, 148.00)	<0.001	145.00 (140.00, 151.00)	144.00 (139.00, 152.00)	0.454
Weight^a	41.81 (36.93, 45.60)	45.30 (41.81, 49.00)	39.90 (35.85, 44.10)	<0.001	42.00 (37.60, 46.70)	41.75 (34.58, 43.85)	0.022
Waist circumference^a	76.00 (70.00, 81.00)	75.00 (70.00, 81.00)	76.00 (70.00, 81.00)	0.897	76.00 (70.00, 84.00)	76.00 (70.00, 79.00)	0.164
Hip circumference^a	87.00 (82.00, 92.00)	88.00 (83.00, 92.00)	87.00 (82.00, 92.00)	0.751	89.00 (84.00, 94.00)	85.50 (82.00, 90.00)	0.019
Lymphocyte count^a	1.93(1.53, 2.25)	1.79(1.43, 2.26)	1.97(1.57, 2.24)	0.335	1.98(1.63, 2.32)	1.83(1.31, 2.17)	0.078
Serum creatinine^a	79.00 (69.00, 96.00)	96.00 (90.00, 128.00)	76.00 (65.00, 91.00)	<0.001	80.00 (70.00, 97.00)	78.50 (68.00, 95.00)	0.922
Fasting glucose^a	4.70(4.05, 5.66)	5.13(4.26, 5.76)	4.53(3.93, 5.52)	0.050	4.41(3.75, 5.23)	4.96(4.30, 5.74)	0.022
SBP^a	146.00 (131.00, 163.00)	132.00 (123.50, 156.00)	148.50 (134.00, 164.50)	0.015	147.50 (132.00, 160.50)	145.00 (130.00, 165.00)	0.667
DBP^a	78.50 (72.50, 87.00)	74.50 (68.50, 83.00)	80.00 (73.50, 87.00)	0.028	80.50 (74.50, 89.00)	75.50 (68.00, 83.00)	0.001
GNRI^a	95.85 (89.84, 102.03)	93.00 (85.36, 96.00)	96.75 (91.17, 104.26)	0.005	98.94 (93.71, 105.58)	90.39 (80.89, 96.10)	<0.001
Selenium^a	0.61(0.20, 0.77)	0.56(0.17, 0.63)	0.68(0.21, 0.79)	0.036	0.73(0.64, 0.85)	0.17(0.14, 0.28)	<0.001
Chromium^a	0.29(0.21, 0.40)	0.30(0.21, 0.41)	0.28(0.21, 0.39)	0.986	0.28(0.19, 0.36)	0.31(0.23, 0.44)	0.097
Manganese^a	1.85(0.85, 4.73)	0.91(0.39, 2.71)	2.02(1.05, 4.77)	0.001	1.62(0.81, 3.22)	2.31(0.89, 4.76)	0.148
Lead^a	1.77(0.73, 4.19)	0.53(0.23, 1.24)	2.13(1.23, 4.83)	<0.001	1.89(0.89, 5.12)	1.39(0.52, 2.76)	0.012
Iron^a	19.73 (12.34, 32.94)	11.16 (4.08, 17.54)	22.71 (14.77, 37.73)	<0.001	22.80 (15.29, 37.85)	14.30 (8.04, 25.34)	<0.001
Copper^a	7.13(6.08, 9.46)	6.53(6.00, 7.21)	7.60(6.17, 9.68)	0.007	7.54(6.48, 9.54)	6.54(5.98, 8.67)	0.049
Zinc^a	115.80 (84.42, 147.11)	139.26 (118.26, 160.71)	104.36 (78.95, 140.69)	<0.001	123.42 (89.69, 147.98)	112.78 (77.92, 143.65)	0.283

Notes: ^aContinuous variables with skewed distribution were presented with median (interquartile range) and compared using Mann–Whitney U-test. ^bCategorical variables were presented with number (percentage) and compared using Chi-square test.

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index.

Table 2 Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis Between Hair Chemical Element and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index

Variables	B	95% Confidence Interval	P	Limit of Detection	Limit of Quantitation	Coefficient of Variation
Selenium	11.55	3.42, 19.68	0.006	0.088	0.294	3.37
Chromium	6.13	−2.08, 14.34	0.142	0.011	0.038	4.93
Manganese	−0.22	−0.52, 0.08	0.144	0.018	0.060	2.72
Lead	0.00	−0.12, 0.12	0.969	0.029	0.095	0.98
Iron	0.04	−0.05, 0.12	0.410	0.055	0.182	4.46
Copper	0.19	−0.13, 0.50	0.242	0.035	0.115	2.50
Zinc	−0.01	−0.05, 0.02	0.405	0.159	0.531	3.50

Notes: Multivariate linear regression analyse was used to determine independent associations between hair chemical elements and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index after adjusting for age, sex, educational level, smoking, outgoing (without wheelchair), height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, lymphocyte count, serum creatinine, fasting glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressures.