Analysis of Factors Influencing Depression in Elderly People Living with HIV/AIDS Based on Structural Equation Model: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guangxi, China

Figures & data

Table 1 The Socio-Demographic Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Patients Over 50 Years of Age (n=115)

Characteristics	n (Column%)/Mean ± SD			X^2/t	P
	Total	Depression-Free (Score<16)	Probable Depression (Score ≥16)
Number of participants	115	54	61
Gender				0.446	0.563
Male	73(63.5)	36(66.7)	37(60.7)
Female	42(36.5)	18(33.3)	24(39.3)
Ethnicity				6.412	0.016
Han	93(80.9)	49(90.7)	44(72.1)
Others	22(19.1)	5(9.3)	17(27.9)
Marital Status				0.848	0.111
With partner	70(60.9)	32(59.3)	38(62.3)
No partner	45(39.1)	22(40.7)	23(37.7)
Education				1.987	0.370
Elementary school and below	48(41.7)	20(37.0)	28(45.9)
Junior High School	49(42.6)	23(42.6)	26(42.6)
High School and above	18(15.7)	11(20.4)	7(11.5)
Career				1.226	0.344
Farmers	93(80.9)	46(85.2)	47(77.0)
Others	22(19.1)	8(14.8)	14(23.0)
Health Status				8.189	0.005
Poor	61(53.0)	21(38.9)	40(65.6)
Good	54(47.0)	33(61.1)	21(34.4)
Income (CNY)				7.081	0.029
<1000	52(45.2)	31(57.4)	21(34.4)
1001~2000	30(26.1)	9(16.7)	21(34.4)
>2000	33(28.7)	14(25.9)	19(31.1)
Household Registration				3.151	0.102
Rural	92(80.0)	47(87.0)	45(73.8)
City	23(20.0)	7(13.0)	16(26.2)
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.5±2.8	21.8±2.6	21.3±3.0	0.926	0.356
Antiviral treatment status				9.926	0.002
Not treated	20(17.4)	3(5.6)	17(27.9)
Received treatment	95(82.6)	51(94.4)	44(72.1)
Duration of infection (years)				3.532	0.317
<1	23(20.0)	7(13.0)	16(26.2)
1~2	9(7.8)	5(9.2)	4(6.6)
3~5	26(22.6)	12(22.2)	14(23.0)
>5	57(49.6)	30(55.6)	27(44.2)
Most recent CD4^+ count (cells/mm^3)				0.189	0.910
<200	32(27.8)	14(25.9)	18(29.5)
200~409	46(40.0)	22(40.7)	24(39.3)
410~1590	37(32.2)	18(33.4)	19(31.2)
Whether to get tested for HIV				2.629	0.126
Yes	88(76.5)	45(83.3)	43(70.5)
No	27(23.5)	9(16.7)	18(29.5)
Sexual behavior				1.059	0.400
Yes	84(73.0)	37(68.5)	47(77.0)
No	31(27.0)	17(31.5)	14(23.0)
Chronic disease conditions				0.089	0.828
Yes	27(23.5)	12(22.2)	15(24.6)
No	88(76.5)	42(77.8)	46(75.4)
MOS-SSS score	55.2±16.3	59.6±16.0	51.4±16.0	2.750	0.007
Tangible support	14.5±4.5	16.2±4.7	13.0±3.7	4.127	<0.001
Informational and emotional support	20.9±7.5	22.0±7.8	19.9±7.1	1.549	0.124
Positive social interaction	11.2±3.9	12.1±3.8	10.5±3.8	2.178	0.032
Affectionate support	8.6±2.8	9.3±2.7	8.1±2.8	2.324	0.022

Note: 7.08 CNY = 1 USD.

Abbreviation: CNY, Chinese Yuan.

Table 2 Simple Linear Regression Analysis for the Associations Between Each Background Variable and Depressive Symptoms (n = 115)

Variables	Unstandardized b	Standardized b	P^a	95% CI
Han vs others	5.575	0.215	0.021	0.846~10.305
Poor health vs good health	−6.268	−0.306	0.001	−9.901~-2.635
Income (CNY)
<1000vs.1001~2000	2.357	0.101	0.281	−1.958~6.672
<1000vs.>2000	−1.518	−0.067	0.476	−5.719~2.683
Not receiving treatment vs.Receiving treatment	−8.182	−0.303	0.001	−12.969~-3.394

Notes: ^aA simple linear regression model was fit for each of the background vari-ables.

Table 3 After Controlling for Contextual Factors Associated with Higher CES-D Scores (n = 115)

Variables	Unadjusted^a	P	Adjusted^b	P
	Standardized b		Standardized b
MOS-SSS
Overall scale	−0.325	<0.001	−0.309	<0.001
Tangible support	−0.381	<0.001	−0.342	<0.001
Informational and emotional support	−0.235	0.011	−0.229	0.011
Positive social interaction	−0.268	0.004	−0.247	0.006
Affectionate support	−0.278	0.003	−0.284	0.001

Notes: ^aA simple linear regression model was fit for each independent variable. ^bMultivariate linear regressions were performed for each independent variable, adjusted for the important variables identified in Table 2 (health status, and treatment status).

Table 4 Analysis of the Correlation Between Medical Social Support and Depression in Patients with HIV/AIDS Over 50 Years of Age

Variables	Tangible Support	Informational and Emotional Support	Positive Social Interaction	Affectionate Support	Total Medical Social Support Score
Depressed mood	−0.374***	−0.129	−0.167	−0.181	−0.233*
Positive Emotions	−0.097	−0.546***	−0.534***	−0.526***	−0.496***
Somatic symptoms and activity retardation	−0.293**	−0.075	−0.107	−0.118	−0.161
Interpersonal	−0.332***	−0.056	−0.077	−0.08	−0.149
Total depression score	−0.381***	−0.235*	−0.268**	−0.278**	−0.325***

Notes: *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

Figure 1 A theoretical model of the effect of medical social support on depression. F indicates medical social support; b1 indicates depressed mood; b2 indicates positive mood; b3 indicates somatic symptoms and delayed activity; and b4 indicates interpersonal.

Figure 2 A knotted equation model of the effect of medical social support on depression. F indicates medical social support; F1 indicates depressive symptoms. b1 indicates depressed mood; b2 indicates positive mood; b3 indicates somatic symptoms and delayed activity; and b4 indicates interpersonal.

Figure 3 A modified knot equation model of the effect of medical social support on depression. F indicates medical social support; F1 indicates depressive symptoms. b1 indicates depressed mood; b3 indicates somatic symptoms and delayed activity; and b4 indicates interpersonal.