The Effects of Physical Activity on Health-Related Quality of Life Among Working Mothers Living in Amman: A Correlational Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Data

Categorical variables
Variables		N	%
Educational level	High school	5	4.5
	Bachelor’s degree	82	73.2
	Postgraduate degree	25	22.3
Social status	Married	100	89.3
	Widowed and divorced	12	10.7
Smoking	Yes	36	32.1
	No	76	67.9
Continuous variables
		M	SD
Age		35	6
Number of children		2	1
Working hours		38	7
Monthly income		1574	669
BMI		26.33	4.74

Table 2 Relationship Between Physical Activity and Quality of Life and Its Domains

Variables	Physical	Psychological	Social	Environmental	QoL	Activity
Physical	–
Psychological	0.666**	–
Social	0.410**	0.527**	–
Environmental	0.548**	0.677**	0.515**	–
QoL	0.790**	0.871**	0.777**	0.828**	–
Activity	0.412**	0.437**	0.159	0.258**	0.380**	–

Note: **< 0.01.

Table 3 Collinearity Tests for Independent Variables in Each Regression Step

Variables	Tolerance	VIF
Step One
Age	0.857	1.167
Educational Level	0.899	1.112
Social Status	0.825	1.212
Working Hours	0.936	1.068
Family Income	0.787	1.271
Smoking Status	0.944	1.059
BMI	0.954	1.048
Step 3
Age	0.838	1.193
Educational Level	0.894	1.119
Social Status	0.823	1.215
Working Hours	0.923	1.083
Family Income	0.786	1.272
Smoking Status	0.923	1.083
BMI	0.954	1.048
Health Perception	0.927	1.079
Step Three
Age	0.830	1.205
Educational Level	0.894	1.119
Social Status	0.818	1.223
Working Hours	0.921	1.085
Family Income	0.778	1.285
Smoking Status	0.923	1.083
BMI	0.926	1.080
Health Perception	0.909	1.101
Activity	0.913	1.096

Table 4 Predictors of Quality of Life

Variables	Step 1			Step 2			Step 3
	B	β	p	B	β	P	B	β	P
Age	0.151	0.115	0.269	0.075	0.057	0.559	0.027	0.020	0.824
Educational Level	1.005	0.064	0.528	0.545	0.035	0.716	0.580	0.037	0.676
Social Status	−0.570	−0.032	0.760	−0.909	−0.051	0.603	−1.457	−0.082	0.371
Working Hours	0.009	0.008	0.932	−0.037	−0.034	0.712	−0.054	−0.050	0.562
Family Income	0.002	0.131	0.225	0.002	0.139	0.172	0.002	0.179	0.059
Smoking Status	0.358	0.022	0.825	1.255	0.076	0.413	1.208	0.073	0.396
BMI	−0.244	−0.151	0.126	−0.245	−0.151	0.102	−0.145	−0.089	0.304
Health Perception				0.075	0.365	0.000	1.099	0.315	< 0.001
Activity							0.001	0.363	< 0.001
R^2	0.062			0.186			0.306
Model Fit	F =0.975, p =0.453			F = 2.912, p =0.006			F = 4.954, p < 0.001
R^2 Change				0.124			0.120

Table 5 Comparison Between Active and in-Active Mothers Related to Their Quality of Life

Variables		Descriptive		t-test
Dependent	Activity Status	M	SD	T	P
Physical	In-active	63.58	1.84	−2.289	0.024
	Active	69.57	1.85
Psychological	In-active	58.48	1.86	−3.526	0.001
	Active	67.70	1.83
Social	In-active	59.52	1.95	−1.425	0.157
	Active	64.13	2.58
Environmental	In-active	57.86	1.69	−1.283	0.202
	Active	61.21	1.98
QoL	In-active	54.31	0.96	−2.584	0.011
	Active	58.02	1.05

Table 6 Predictors of Physical Fitness Based on Physical Activity

Independent variable	B	β	T	P	CI 95%
Constant	14.852	–	−5.167	< 0.001	13.996–15.708
Physical activity	0.001	0.622	8.328	< 0.001	0.001 - 0.001

Abbreviations: WHO, The World Health Organization; PA, Physical activity; NCDs, Noncommunicable diseases; IFS, International fitness scale; IPAQ, International physical activity questionnaire; HRQOL, Quality-of-Life Scale-Brief; SPSS, Statistical Package for Social Science.