Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity in South Ethiopia: A Cohort Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic presentation of sampling procedure for the cohort study on the effect of IPV during pregnancy on maternal morbidity during delivery and postpartum.

Figure 2 A flow diagram of the overall study process.

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents in Gammo Goffa Zone, South Ethiopia, July 2020 to March 2021

Variables	IPV(n=711)	Non-IPV(n=774)
	n (%)	n (%)
Residence
Urban	404 (56.8)	458 (59.2)
Rural	307 (43.2)	316 (40.8)
Age of respondent (in Years)
15–19	56 (7.9)	46 (5.9)
20–34	611 (85.9)	678 (87.6)
35–49	44 (6.2)	50 (6.5)
Ethnicity
Gammo	369 (51.9)	485 (62.7)
Goffa	230 (32.3)	160 (20.7)
Others	112 (15.8)	129 (16.7)
Religion
Protestant Christian	469 (66.0)	532 (68.7)
Orthodox Christian	216 (30.4)	209 (27.0)
Others	26 (3.7)	33 (4.3)
Marital Status
Married	681 (95.8)	736 (95.1)
Cohabited	16 (2.3)	27 (3.5)
Widowed/separate/divorce	14 (2.0)	11 (1.4)
Educational status
No formal education	197 (27.7)	127 (16.4)
Primary (1–8)	349 (49.1)	327 (42.2)
Secondary (9–12)	160 (22.5)	166 (21.4)
Tertiary (12^+)	5 (0.7)	154 (19.9)
Occupational status
Housewife	459 (64.6)	543 (70.2)
Employed (GO/NGO/Private)	122 (17.2)	121 (15.6)
Others	130 (18.3)	110 (14.2)
Wealth index
Poorest	165 (23.2)	136 (17.6)
Poor	164 (23.1)	135 (17.4)
Middle	109 (15.3)	122 (15.8)
Rich	153 (21.5)	217 (28.0)
Richest	120 (16.9)	164 (21.2)
Partners’ Age
18–24	44 (6.2)	45 (5.8)
25–34	336 (47.3)	388 (50.1)
35–49	296 (41.6)	314 (40.6)
> 50	35 (4.9)	27 (3.5)
Partners’ educational status
No formal education	89 (12.5)	100 (12.9)
1–8	144 (20.3)	188 (24.3)
9–12	250 (35.2)	241 (31.1)
>12	228 (32.1)	245 (37.1)
Partners’ occupation
Employee	202 (28.4)	199 (25.7)
Farmer	290 (40.8)	362 (46.8)
Merchant	129 (18.1)	104 (13.4)
Other	90 (12.7)	109 (14.1)

Table 2 Obstetric Characteristics of Respondents by Their IPV Status in Gammo Goffa Zone, South Ethiopia, July 2020 to March 2021

Variables	IPV (n=711)	Non-IPV (n=774)
	n (%)	n (%)
Gravidity
Primigravida	158 (22.2)	160 (20.7)
Multigravida	553 (77.8)	614 (79.3)
Parity
0	161 (22.6)	164 (21.2)
1–2	372 (52.3)	386 (49.9)
> 3	178 (25.0)	224 (28.9)
Inter-birth interval in months
<24	388 (54.6)	367 (47.4)
24–48	234 (32.9)	295 (38.1)
>48	89 (12.5)	112 (14.5)
ANC (at least one visit)
Yes	690 (97.0)	741 (95.9)
No	21 (3.0)	32 (4.1)
ANC(four or more)
Yes	435 (62.5)	514 (68.6)
No	261 (37.5)	235 (31.4)
Place of delivery
Home	45 (6.3)	65 (8.4)
Health facility	666 (93.7)	708 (91.6)

Table 3 Frequency Distribution of Self-Reported Maternal Morbidity Among Respondents by Their IPV Status During Delivery and Postpartum Periods, Gammo Goffa, South Ethiopia, July 2020 to March 2021

Characteristics	Women with IPV (n=711)	Women without IPV (n=773)	P-value
Severe headache
Yes	42 (5.9)	46 (6.0)	< 0.001
No	669 (94.1)	727 (94.0)
Convulsion
Yes	26 (3.7)	19 (2.5)	NS
No	685 (96.3)	754 (97.5)
High-grade fever
Yes	48 (6.8)	32 (4.1)	0.025
No	663 (93.2)	741 (95.9)
Haemorrhage
Yes	63 (8.9)	52 (6.7)	< 0.001
No	648 (91.1)	721 (93.3)
Prolonged labour
Yes	41 (5.8)	39 (5.0)	NS
No	670 (94.2)	734 (95.0)
PROM
Yes	23 (3.2)	28 (3.6)	< 0.001
No	688 (96.8)	745 (96.4)
Others*
Yes	45 (6.3)	25 (3.2)	0.002
No	666 (93.7)	748 (96.8)
At least one form of morbidity
Yes	242 (34.0)	206 (26.6)	0.001
No	469 (66.0)	567 (73.4)

Note: *Jaundice, anaemia, dizziness, body swelling, vomiting.

Abbreviations: PROM, premature rupture of membranes; NS, non-significant.

Table 4 The Effect of IPV During Pregnancy on Maternal Morbidity During Delivery and Postpartum, Gammo Goffa Zone, South Ethiopia, July 2020 to March 2021

Variables	Maternal Morbidity During Delivery and Postpartum
	Crude RR (95% CI)	Adjusted RR (95% CI)
Socio-demographic characteristics
Place of residence
Urban	1.00	1.00
Rural	0.51(0.43, 0.61)	0.56(0.46, 0.69)*
Wealth index
Poorest	1.00	1.00
Poor	1.35(1.00, 1.81)	1.07(0.79, 1.44)
Middle	1.90(1.42, 2.51)	1.38(1.03, 1.86)*
Rich	1.72(1.32, 2.26)	1.25(0.94, 1.66)
Richest	1.79(1.36, 2.37)	1.37(1.03, 1.83)*
Educational status
No formal education	1.00	1.00
1–8	0.81(0.66, 0.99)	0.81(0.66, 0.99)*
9–12	1.03(0.83, 1.29)	0.93(0.74, 1.16)
>12	1.09(0.84, 1.41)	0.91(0.70, 1.19)
Obstetric characteristics
Parity (# of deliveries)
Primi (1st)	1.00	1.00
2–4	0.89(0.74, 1.06)	0.86(0.72, 1.03)
>4	0.64(0.51, 0.81)	0.62(0.49, 0.78)*
At least one ANC
No	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.65(0.48, 0.89)	0.58(0.32, 1.04)
Four or more ANC
No	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.69(0.59, 0.81)	0.68(0.58, 0.79)*
Place of delivery
Health facility	1.00	1.00
Home	0.52(0.34, 0.80)	0.46(0.28, 0.77)*
IPV type
Psychological IPV
No	1.00	1.00
Yes	5.84(4.84, 7.05)	2.17(1.76, 2.67)*
Physical IPV
No	1.00	1.00
Yes	4.19(3.54, 4.95)	1.31(1.12, 1.53)*
Sexual IPV
No	1.00	1.00
Yes	3.49(3.05, 3.98)	1.06(0.95, 1.19)
IPV (psychological/physical/sexual) in pregnancy
No	1.00	1.00
Yes	9.51(7.14, 12.68)	4.45(3.15, 6.28)*

Notes: *Significant at a p-value of < 0.05. 1 = reference group. Adjusted for place of residence, wealth index, maternal education, at least one ANC, four or more ANC visits, parity and place of delivery.

Abbreviations: RR, Relative Risk; CI, confidence interval; ANC, Antenatal Care; IPV, Intimate Partner Violence.