A Two-Pronged Educational Intervention for Caregivers to Prevent Residential Pesticide Exposure Among Thai Young Children Living in Agricultural Area

Figures & data

Figure 1 Data collection flowchart.

Table 1 General Information About Caregivers and Their Young Children as Well as the Use of Household Insecticides from Different Groups

Factor	Booklet + Lecture Group (n=30)	Booklet Group (n=30)	Control Group (n=30)	p-value
Sex of caregiver				0.126
Male	4(13.3%)	10(33.3%)	5(16.7%)
Female	26(86.7%)	20(66.7%)	25(83.3%)
Sex of the child				0.553
Male	15(50.0%)	19(63.3%)	18(60.0%)
Female	15(50.0%)	11(36.7%)	12(40.0%)
Age of caregiver				0.527
≤ 30 years	12(40.0%)	9(30.0%)	6(20.0%)
31–40 years	8(26.7%)	8(26.7%)	14(46.7%)
41–50 years	5(16.7%)	6(20.0%)	4(13.3%)
> 50 years	5(16.7%)	7(23.3%)	6(20.0%)
Age of the child				0.561
≤ 2 years	15(50.0%)	12(40.0%)	16(53.3%)
3–5 years	15(50.0%)	18(60.0%)	14(46.7%)
Marital status				0.146*
Single/divorced/widowed	6(20.0%)	1(3.3%)	3(10.0%)
Married	24(80.0%)	29(96.7%)	27(90.0%)
Education				0.164
Primary school or lower	15(50.0%)	13(43.3%)	8(26.7%)
Secondary school or higher	15(50.0%)	17(56.7%)	22(73.3%)
Occupation				0.541*
Unemployed	5(16.7%)	2(6.7%)	5(16.7%)
Farmers/Agricultural workers	19(63.3%)	17(56.7%)	17(56.7%)
Others	6(20.0%)	11(36.7%)	8(26.7%)
Perceived income sufficiency				0.393
Insufficient	10(33.3%)	13(43.3%)	8(26.7%)
Sufficient	20(66.7%)	17(56.7%)	22(73.3%)
Relationship to the child				0.295
Parents	26(86.7%)	23(76.7%)	21(70.0%)
Grandparents/Other	4(13.3%)	7(23.3%)	9(30.0%)
Duration of child care				0.490
≤ 2 years	17(56.7%)	13(43.3%)	17(56.7%)
3–5 years	13(43.3%)	17(56.7%)	13(43.3%)
The need for training or education on household insecticides				0.592
No	3(10.0%)	2(6.7%)	5(16.7%)
Yes	27(90.0%)	28(93.3%)	25(83.3%)
Frequency of using household insecticides				0.830
< 1 time/month	6(20.0%)	8(26.7%)	7(23.3%)
≥ 1 time/month	24(80.0%)	22(73.3%)	23(76.7%)
Duration of using household insecticides				0.175*
≤ 2 years	15(50.0%)	20(65.0%)	13(43.3%)
> 2 years	15(50.0%)	10(40.0%)	17(56.7%)
Having other family members who use household insecticides				0.468
No	23(76.7%)	20(66.7%)	24(80.0%)
Yes	7(23.3%)	10(23.3%)	6(20.0%)

Note: *Exact test.

Table 2 Mean Score Comparison of Variables Studied Among Different Groups at Each Point of Measurement

Outcome	Time	Booklet + Lecture Group (n=30)		Booklet Group (n=30)		Control Group (n=30)		p-value
		Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.
Knowledge score	Baseline	8.30	3.51	8.57	3.23	8.83	3.11	0.822
	Post-intervention	12.57	2.13	11.37	1.59	8.47	3.16	<0.001
	Follow-up	13.30	1.44	12.53	2.92	8.97	3.15	<0.001
Attitude score	Baseline	34.10	5.15	33.83	4.61	34.37	5.84	0.925
	Post-intervention	41.93	2.45	37.73	4.17	34.03	5.52	<0.001
	Follow-up	42.90	3.67	38.17	4.19	33.70	5.72	<0.001
Intention score	Baseline	35.87	4.59	35.07	4.05	35.20	5.48	0.783
	Post-intervention	41.70	1.97	39.40	5.27	37.80	3.53	<0.001
	Follow-up	42.97	1.33	41.27	5.71	37.60	4.23	<0.001
Behavior score	Baseline	35.33	5.08	32.87	5.51	32.33	5.45	0.074
	Follow-up	41.90	2.29	39.40	5.00	33.50	7.76	<0.001

Table 3 Effects of the Program for Caregivers on Variables Studied at Post-Intervention and Follow-Up Compared to Baseline by Mixed Effects Model

Outcome	Intervention	Coefficient	p-value	95% CI
Knowledge	Booklet + Lecture group
	- Post-intervention	4.63	<0.001	2.82, 6.45
	- Follow-up	4.87	<0.001	3.05, 6.68
	Booklet group
	- Post-intervention	3.17	0.001	1.35, 4.98
	- Follow-up	3.83	<0.001	2.02, 5.65
Attitude	Booklet + Lecture group
	- Post-intervention	8.17	<0.001	5.66, 10.68
	- Follow-up	9.47	<0.001	6.96, 11.98
	Booklet group
	- Post-intervention	4.23	0.001	1.72, 6.74
	- Follow-up	5.00	<0.001	2.49, 7.51
Intention	Booklet + Lecture group
	- Post-intervention	3.23	0.020	0.51, 5.96
	- Follow-up	4.70	0.001	1.98, 7.42
	Booklet group
	- Post-intervention	1.73	0.212	−0.99, 4.46
	- Follow-up	3.80	0.006	1.08, 6.52
Behavior	Booklet + Lecture group
	- Follow-up	5.40	0.002	1.95, 8.85
	Booklet group
	- Follow-up	5.37	0.002	1.92, 8.82

Table 4 Effects of a Two-Pronged Educational Intervention for Caregivers (vs Booklet Group) on Variables Studied at Post-Intervention and Follow-Up Compared to Baseline Using a Mixed Effects Model

Outcome	Time	Coefficient	p-value	95% CI
Knowledge	Post-intervention	1.47	0.114	−0.35, 3.28
	Follow-up	1.03	0.265	−0.78, 2.85
Attitude	Post-intervention	3.93	0.009	0.99, 6.87
	Follow-up	4.47	0.003	1.53, 7.41
Intention	Post-intervention	1.50	0.313	−1.41, 4.41
	Follow-up	0.90	0.545	−2.01, 3.81
Behavior	Follow-up	0.03	0.984	−3.24, 3.31