Elderly Individuals Residing in Nursing Homes in Western Romania Who Have Been Diagnosed with Hearing Loss are at a Higher Risk of Experiencing Cognitive Impairment

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Elderly Patients

Parameters	All Patients	Group A (with Severe Neurocognitive Disorder)	Group B (Without Severe Neurocognitive Disorder)	P value
	n=203	n=28	n=175
Age, years (mean ± 1 standard deviation)	77 ± 7.5	80 ±7.54	76.1 ±7.53	0.0117
Male sex, n (%)	99 (49)	17 (60%)	82 (46.8%)	0.1955
Cardiovascular disease, n (%)	91 (45)	23 (82.1%)	70 (40%)	< 0.0001
Stroke, n (%)	71 (35)	21 (75%)	50 (28.5%)	< 0.0001
Diabetes, n=46 (22.66%)	46 (23)	16 (57.1%)	30 (17.1%)	< 0.0001
History of alcohol abuse, n (%)	99 (49)	13 (46.4%)	86 (49.7%)	0.7463
Ever smoked, n (%)	97 (48)	13 (46.4%)	84 (48%)	0.8753
Years of education (>12)	124 (61)	17 (60.7%)	107 (61.1%)	0.9679
Impaired hearing, n (%)	122 (60)	24 (85.7%)	98 (56%)	0.0030
MMSE-2 score (mean ± 1 standard deviation)	24.8±3.9	14.3 ±7.7	27.5±3.4	<0.0001
MMSE-2 score<10, n (%)	5 (2.4)	5 (17.8%)	0 (0)	<0.0001

Abbreviation: MMSE-2, Mini Mental State Examination 2nd Edition.

Table 2 Predictors of Severe Cognitive Impairment

Parameter	Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Cardiovascular disease	6.9 (2.5 to 19)	< 0.0001	9.64 (2.72 to 34.15)	0.0004
Diabetes	6.44 (2.76 to 15)	<0.0001	6.38 (2.15 to 18.92)	0.0008
Stroke	7.5 (3 to 18.74)	<0.0001	15.4 (4.15 to 57.08)	<0.0001
Impaired hearing	4.71 (1.56 to 14.15)	0.0015	10.6 (2.57 to 43.59)	0.0011

Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 1 ROC curve analysis for impaired hearing as independent predictor of MMSE-2 score.

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; MMSE-2, Mini Mental State Examination 2nd Edition; ROC, receiver operating curve.