Medication Use and Associated Factors Among Indonesian Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Percentage of pregnant women exposed to medications according to the former United States Food and Drugs Administration (US FDA) risk category.

Table 1 Univariate and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Medication Use Among Pregnant Women (n = 439)

Variables	Medication Use		Crude OR (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-value
	Yes (n = 155)	No (n = 284)
Age of women (years)					–	–
<20	15 (9.7)	30 (10.6)	1.31 (0.537–3.185)	0.555
20–35	122 (78.7)	212 (74.6)	1.51 (0.768–2.967)	0.232
>35	18 (11.6)	42 (14.8)	1.00
Educational status					–	–
Elementary school	43 (27.7)	73 (25.7)	1.00
Junior high school	55 (35.5)	105 (37.0)	0.89 (0.540–1.464)	0.644
Senior high school	43 (27.7)	88 (31.0)	0.83 (0.491–1.401)	0.485
University	14 (9.0)	18 (6.3)	1.32 (0.597–2.920)	0.492
Parity					–	–
0	50 (32.3)	92 (32.4)	1.14 (0.684–1.910)	0.611
1	66 (42.6)	110 (38.7)	1.26 (0.774–2.056)	0.351
≥ 2	39 (25.2)	82 (28.9)	1.00
Gestational age					–	–
First trimester	25 (16.1)	46 (16.2)	0.87 (0.491–1.546)	0.637
Second trimester	62 (40.0)	129 (45.4)	0.77 (0.502–1.182)	0.233
Third trimester	68 (43.9)	109 (38.4)	1.00
Provider of antenatal care facility
Midwife	128 (82.6)	255 (89.8)	1.00		1.00
Physician	27 (17.4)	29 (10.2)	1.86 (1.054–3.265)	0.032	1.80 (1.022–3.183)	0.042
Health insurance
Yes	88 (56.8)	135 (47.5)	1.45 (0.978–2.150)	0.065	1.42 (0.954–2.107)	0.084
No	67 (43.2)	149 (52.5)	1.00		1.00

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 2 Univariate and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Self-Medication and Prescribed Medication Among Medication Users (n = 155)

Variables	Medication Users		Crude OR (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-value
	Self-Medication (n = 17)	Prescribed Medication (n = 138)
Age of women (years)
<20	0 (0.0)	15 (10.9)	0.00	0.999	0.00	0.998
20–35	13 (75.5)	114 (82.6)	1.00		1.00
>35	4 (23.5)	9 (6.5)	3.90 (1.051–14.446)	0.042	3.38 (0.601–18.996)	0.167
Educational status					–	–
Elementary school	6 (5.3)	37 (26.8)	1.00
Junior high school	5 (29.4)	50 (36.2)	0.62 (0.175–2.175)	0.452
Senior high school	5 (29.4)	38 (27.5)	0.81 (0.228–2.890)	0.747
University	1 (5.9)	13 (9.4)	0.47 (0.052–4.321)	0.508
Parity
0	5 (29.4)	45 (32.6)	0.43 (0.129–1.440)	0.171	0.85 (0.197–3.689)	0.832
1	4 (23.5)	62 (44.9)	0.25 (0.070–0.895)	0.033	0.30 (0.067–1.351)	0.117
≥ 2	8 (47.1)	31 (22.5)	1.00		1.00
Gestational age					–	–
First trimester	4 (23.5)	21 (15.2)	1.43 (0.390–5.237)	0.590
Second trimester	5 (29.4)	57 (41.3)	0.67 (0.203–2.130)	0.485
Third trimester	8 (47.1)	60 (43.5)	1.00
Provider of antenatal care facility					–	–
Midwife	14 (82.4)	115 (83.3)	1.00
Physician	3 (17.6)	23 (16.7)	1.02 (0.271–3.819)	0.979
Health insurance
Yes	3 (17.6)	85 (61.6)	0.13 (0.037–0.487)	0.002	0.11 (0.027–0.413)	0.001
No	14 (82.4)	53 (38.4)	1.00		1.00

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.