Effect of Fluid and Caffeine Management on Quality of Life in Older Women with Overactive Bladder in Rural Korea: A Pilot Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the research process.

Table 1 Overview of the Content of the Intervention

FM group		FM+PFMT Group
Fluid and caffeine modification	Time (minutes)	Fluid and caffeine modification + PFMT	Time (minutes)
Overview of OAB	15	Overview of OAB	15
Basic bladder anatomy and micturition process		Basic bladder anatomy and micturition process
Sign and symptoms of OAB		Signs and symptoms of OAB
Fluid and caffeine modification	15	Fluid and caffeine modification	15
Appropriate daily fluid intake		Appropriate daily fluid
Caffeinated drinks: coffee, energy drinks, green tea		Caffeinated drinks: coffee, energy drinks, green tea
Q & A	10	Break	10
		Unassisted PFMT and practice	30
		Q & A	10
Total education time	40	Total	80

Abbreviations: OAB, overactive bladder; FM, Fluid and caffeine modification; PFMT, pelvic floor muscle training.

Table 2 Comparison of General Characteristics and Main Variables Between the FM and FM+PFMT Groups at Baseline (N=27)

Variable	Total (n=27)	FM Group (n=15)	FM+PFMT Group (n=12)	t or Fisher E
	Mean ± SD (Range) or N (%)	Mean ± SD (Range) or N (%)	Mean ± SD (Range) or N (%)	(p-value)
Age (years)	74.44 ± 5.67 (66.00–88.00)	74.60 ± 4.67 (64.00–82.00)	74.25 ± 6.94 (66.00–88.00)	−0.16 (0.882)
65~79 yrs	23(85.2)	14 (93.3)	9 (75.0)	0.62 (0.294)
≥80 yrs	4 (14.8)	1 (6.7)	3 (25.0)
Educational level				1.11 (0.574)
No Education	9 (33.3)	4 (26.7)	5 (41.7)
Elementary school	14 (51.9)	8 (53.3)	6 (50.0)
≥Middle school	4 (14.8)	3 (20.0)	1 (8.3)
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	25.59 ± 3.69 (19.78–34.19)	26.52 ± 3.47 (21.72–34.19)	24.43 ± 3.77 (19.78–30.47)	−1.50 (0.146)
Normal (≥18.5, <23)	8 (29.6)	3 (20.0)	5 (41.7)	0.64 (0.423)
Overweight (≥23)	19 (70.4)	12 (80.0)	7 (58.3)
Living status				0.36 (0.546)
Widow	13 (48.2)	8 (53.3)	5 (41.7)
Living with spouse	14 (51.9)	7 (46.7)	7 (58.3)
Self-reported health status				1.12 (0.572)
Poor	4 (14.8)	2 (13.3)	2 (16.7)
Fair	12 (44.4)	8 (53.3)	4 (33.3)
Good	11 (40.7)	5 (33.3)	6 (50.0)
Current health problems (yes)
Musculoskeletal disease	11 (40.7)	6 (40.0)	5 (41.7)	0.00 (1.000)
Hypertension	15 (55.6)	9 (60.0)	6 (50.0)	0.02 (0.706)
Cardiovascular disease	3 (11.1)	2 (13.3)	1 (8.3)	0.00 (1.000)
Diabetes mellitus	5 (18.5)	4 (26.7)	1 (8.3)	0.52 (0.342)
Dyslipidemia	7 (25.9)	5 (33.3)	2 (16.7)	0.29 (0.408)
24-hour number of micturition episodes	7.93 ± 3.31 (3.00–15.00)	8.70 ± 3.47 (4.00–15.00)	6.96 ± 2.96 (3.00–10.00)	−1.38 (0.179)
Quality of sleep	10.19 ± 3.52 (4.00–17.00)	9.93 ± 3.81 (4.00–17.00)	10.50 ± 3.26 (6.00–16.00)	0.41 (0.686)
King’s Quality of Life
General health perception	56.48 ± 24.61 (0.00–100.00)	55.00 ± 16.90 (25.00–75.00)	58.33 ± 32.57 (0.00–100.00)	0.32 (0.752)
Impact on life	41.97 ± 32.80 (0.00–100.00)	48.89 ± 27.79 (0.00–100.00)	33.33 ± 37.61 (0.00–100.00)	−1.24 (0.228)
Role limitations	17.28 ± 22.40 (0.00–83.30)	15.56 ± 22.24 (0.00–83.30)	19.44 ± 23.39 (0.00–66.70)	0.44 (0.663)
Physical limitations	25.31 ± 28.26 (0.00–100.00)	20.00 ± 26.13 (0.00–100.00)	31.94 ± 30.53 (0.00–100.00)	1.10 (0.284)
Social limitations	13.58 ± 23.13 (0.00–100.00)	12.59 ± 18.72 (0.00–66.70)	14.81 ± 28.56 (0.00–100.00)	0.24 (0.810)
Personal relationships	4.17 ± 11.79 (0.00–33.30)	6.67 ± 14.91 (0.00–66.70)^a	0.00 ± 0.00 (0.00–0.00)^b	−1.00 (0.374)
Emotions	11.11 ± 21.35 (0.00–100.00)	16.30 ± 27.17 (0.00–100.00)	4.63 ± 7.43 (0.00–22.20)	−1.59 (0.131)
Sleep/energy	32.72 ± 32.84 (0.00–100.00)	22.22 ± 31.29 (0.00–100.00)	45.83 ± 31.08 (0.00–83.33)	1.95 (0.062)
Incontinence severity	31.60 ± 19.18 (6.67–73.30)	33.33 ± 19.19 (6.67–60.00)	29.44 ± 19.79 (6.67–73.33)	−0.52 (0.610)

Note: ^an=5; ^bn=3.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; FM, Fluid and caffeine modification; PFMT, pelvic floor muscle training.

Table 3 Linear Mixed Model Analysis of the Outcome Variables

	Baseline		Post-Test 1		Post-Test 2		Parameter	F	p
	FM	FM+PFMT	FM	FM+PFMT	FM	FM+PFMT
	(n=15) M ± SE	(n=12) M ± SE	(n=15) M ± SE	(n=12) M ± SE	(n=15) M ± SE	(n=12) M ± SE
King’s Quality of Life
General health perception	55.00 ± 16.90	58.33 ± 32.57	51.67 ± 19.97	58.33 ± 26.83	55.00 ± 23.53	41.67 ± 26.83	Group	0.72	0.405
							Time	1.81	0.174
							Group*Time	2.67	0.079
Impact on life	48.89 ± 27.79	33.33 ± 37.61	35.56 ± 32.04	25.00 ± 25.13	15.56 ± 24.77	25.00 ± 28.87	Group	0.09	0.773
							Time	5.03	0.010
							Group*Time	2.03	0.142
Role limitations	15.56 ± 22.24	19.44 ± 23.39	13.33 ± 19.11	16.67 ± 21.32	12.22 ± 14.73	5.56 ± 10.86	Group	0.17	0.685
							Time	1.78	0.180
							Group*Time	0.80	0.456
Physical limitations	20.00 ± 26.13	31.94 ± 30.53	15.56 ± 23.12	18.06 ± 28.83	11.11 ± 12.06	6.94 ± 15.01	Group	0.01	0.908
							Time	3.88	0.027
							Group*Time	0.88	0.420
Social limitations	12.59 ± 18.72	14.81 ± 28.56	18.52 ± 18.62	11.57 ± 11.72	15.93 ± 14.38	11.11 ± 9.17	Group	1.64	0.213
							Time	0.08	0.927
							Group*Time	0.63	0.539
Emotions	16.30 ± 27.17	4.63 ± 7.43	6.67 ± 11.73	4.63 ± 7.43	3.70 ± 9.07	5.56 ± 11.11	Group	1.40	0.248
							Time	2.15	0.127
							Group*Time	2.68	0.078
Sleep/energy	22.22 ± 31.29	45.83 ± 31.08	20.00±20.12	19.44±17.16	16.67±18.90	13.89±21.12	Group	0.31	0.583
							Time	5.76	0.006
							Group*Time	3.21	0.049
Incontinence severity	33.33 ± 19.19	29.44 ± 19.79	24.44±13.49	12.11±17.94	31.11±10.59	25.00±13.37	Group	0.77	0.389
							Time	3.55	0.036
							Group*Time	0.10	0.904
Quality of sleep	9.93 ± 3.81	10.50 ± 3.26	9.60 ± 2.85	9.42 ± 3.42	9.93 ± 1.91	10.25 ± 2.53	Group	0.05	0.834
							Time	0.99	0.380
							Group*Time	0.25	0.779
24-hour number of micturition episodes	8.70 ± 3.47	6.96 ± 2.96	8.53 ± 1.92	7.17 ± 2.50	8.37 ± 2.22	6.75 ± 2.61	Group	1.38	0.253
							Time	0.22	0.806
							Group*Time	0.07	0.928

Abbreviations: M, estimated mean; SE, standard error; FM, Fluid and caffeine modification; PFMT, pelvic floor muscle training.

Figure 2 Score changes of sleep/energy by group over time.