Understanding Parental Intentions for COVID-19 Child Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study From Jordan Using Theory of Planned Behavior

Figures & data

Table 1 Parents’ Demographic Characteristics

Variable	Frequency (%)
Person who Filled the Questionnaire
Mother	317(80.1%)
Father	79(19.9%)
Governorate
(Amman)	208(52.5%)
(Balqa’a)	36(9.1%)
(Karak)	18(4.5%)
(Zarqa)	23(5.8%)
(Aqaba)	31(7.8%)
(Madaba)	4(1%)
(Irbid)	42(10.6%)
(Ajloun)	1(0.3%)
(Jerash)	8(2.0%)
(Tafelah)	8(2.0%)
(Mafraq)	1(0.3%)
(Ma’an)	16(4.0%)
Marital Status
Married	375(94.7%)
Widow	11(2.8%)
Divorced	10(2.5%)
Number of Children
1	169(42.7%)
2	132(33.3%)
3	65(16.4%)
4	21(5.3%)
More than 5	9(2.3%)
Mother’s Education Level
Less than secondary	22(5.6%)
Secondary school	41(10.4%)
Diploma	74(18.7%)
Bachelor	197(49.7%)
High education	62(15.7%)
Mother’s Occupation Description
Special work (owned time)	22(5.6%)
Part time	27(6.8%)
Full time	162(40.9%)
Retired	44(11.1%)
Unemployed	141(35.6%)
Father’s Education Level
Less than secondary	27(6.8%)
Secondary school	70(17.7%)
Diploma	41(10.4%)
Bachelor	162(40.9%)
High education	96(24.2%)
Father’s Occupation Description
Special work (own time)	74(18.7%)
Part time	21(5.3%)
Full time	195(49.2%)
Retired	19(4.8%)
Unemployed	87(22.0%)
Monthly Household Income
Less than 705 USD	78(19.7%)
More than 705 USD	318(80.3%)
Chronic Disease
Yes	85(21.5%)
No	311(78.5%)
Received Influenza Vaccine in the Last 12 Months
Yes	79(19.9%)
No	317(80.1%)
Received COVID-19 vaccine
Yes	353(89.1%)
No	43(10.9%)
Previously Diagnosed with COVID-19
Yes	172(43.4%)
No	224(56.6%)
Family member/relative loss due to COVID-19
Yes	106(26.8%)
No	290(73.2%)
Child Chronic Disease
Yes	16(4.0%)
No	380(96.0%)
Child Routine Vaccines
Yes	375(94.7%)
No	21(5.3%)
COVID-19 Vaccine
Yes	93(23.5%)
No	303(76.5%)

Table 2 Impact of All Antecedents of Intention (Attitudes, Subjective Norms, Behavioral Control, and Fear of the COVID-19 Vaccine) on Parents’ Intention to Vaccinate Their Children Against COVID-19

Model	R	R^2	Adjusted R^2	Std. Error of the Estimate	F-value	P-value*
1	0.898	0.807	0.805	0.52795	408.749	0.00*

Notes: *Indicates significance at the 5% level. This model 1: includes all variables considered in the study: attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and fear of the COVID-19 vaccine. The statistics in the table represent the combined impact of these variables on the parents’ intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19.

Table 3 The Impact of Individual Antecedents of Intention on Parents’ Intention to Vaccinate Their Children Against COVID-19

Antecedents of Intention	B	Std. Error	Beta	t-value	P-value*
Attitude	0.675	0.051	0.563	13.256	0.000*
Subjective norms	0.302	0.057	0.216	5.340	0.000*
Perceived Behavioral Control	−0.114	0.040	−0.070	−2.869	0.004*
Fear	−0.228	0.032	−0.198	−7.132	0.000*

Note: * Indicates significance at the 5% level.

Table 4 Prediction of Parents’ Intention to Vaccinate Their Children Against COVID-19 from the Antecedents of Intention by Stepwise Regression Analysis

Model Description		R	R2	F-value	t-value	P-value*
Model 1	Attitude alone	0.866	0.750	1183.993	13.256	0.000*
Model 2:	Attitude +Fear	0.887	0.787	726.226	−7.132	0.000*
Model 3:	Attitude +Fear +Subjective norms	0.896	0.803	532.432	5.340	0.000*
Model 4:	Attitude +Fear +Subjective norms +Behavioral Control	0.898	0.807	408.749	−2.869	0.000*

Note: *Indicates significance at the 5% level.

Table 5 Relationships Between Attitude, Social Norm, Behavioral Control, Fear, and Parents’ Intention to Vaccinate Their Children Against COVID-19

	R	R2	B	Beta	F-value	df	p-value
Attitudes	0.866	0.750	1.039	0.866	1183.993	395	0.000*
Subjective norms	0.795	0.631	1.112	0.795	674.702	395	0.000*
Perceived Behavioral Control	0.335	0.112	−0.547	−0.335	49.775	395	0.199
Fear	0.628	0.395	−0.723	−0.628	256.797	395	0.000*

Note: *Indicates significance at the 5% level.

Table 6 Level of Parents’ Intentions to Vaccinate Their Children by Parents’ Educational Qualification

Mother’s Qualification	N	Mean	Std. Deviation
Less than secondary	22	2.88	1.03
Secondary school	41	2.68	1.09
Diploma	74	2.70	1.05
Bachelor	197	2.85	1.22
High education	62	3.02	1.40
Total	396	2.83	1.20
Father’s Qualification	N	Mean	Std. Deviation
Less than secondary	27	3.17	1.15
Secondary school	70	2.19	0.86
Diploma	41	2.62	1.18
Bachelor	162	2.96	1.14
High education	96	3.08	1.34
Total	396	2.83	1.20

Table 7 Differences in the Level of Parents’ Intentions to Vaccinate Their Children Against COVID-19 According to Mother’s and Father’s Educational Qualification by Two-Way ANOVA Test

Source	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F-value	P-value
Qualification male	0.618	4	0.154	0.115	0.977
Qualification female	38.719	4	9.680	7.181	0.000*
Error	521.641	387	1.348
Total	3740.875	396
Corrected Total	564.708	395

Note: * Indicates significance at the 5% level.

Table 8 Differences in the Level of Parents’ Intentions to Vaccinate Their Children Against COVID-19 According to Fathers’ Educational Qualification

(I) qualification	(J) qualification	Mean Difference (I-J)	P-value
Less than secondary	Secondary school	0.97738*	0.008
	Diploma	0.55081	0.450
	Bachelor	0.20370	0.949
	High education	0.08854	0.998
Secondary school	Less than secondary	−0.97738*	0.008
	Diploma	−0.42657	0.476
	Bachelor	−0.77368*	0.000
	High education	−0.88884*	0.000
Diploma	Less than secondary	−0.55081	0.450
	Secondary school	0.42657	0.476
	Bachelor	−0.34711	0.567
	High education	−0.46227	0.333
Bachelor	Less than secondary	−0.20370	0.949
	Secondary school	0.77368*	0.000
	Diploma	0.34711	0.567
	High education	−0.11516	0.963
High education	Less than secondary	−0.08854	0.998
	Secondary school	0.88884*	0.000
	Diploma	0.46227	0.333
	Bachelor	0.11516	0.963

Note: *Indicates significance at the 5% level.