A Systematic Literature Review of Mathematical Models for Coinfections: Tuberculosis, Malaria, and HIV/AIDS

Figures & data

Figure 1 PRISMA of Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

Figure 2 PRISMA of Tuberculosis and Malaria.

Figure 3 PRISMA of Malaria and HIV/AIDS.

Figure 4 PRISMA of Tuberculosis, Malaria, and HIV/AIDS.

Figure 5 Mapping research topics using VOSviewer.

Table 1 Detail of the Articles

(Name, Year)	Coinfection	Mathematical Analysis	Sensitivity Analysis Methods	Control	Reference
(Alzahrani, 2022)	Tuberculosis-Malaria	Yes	–	Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets (LLITN), Treatment Malaria, Treatment Tuberculosis, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), Prevention Tuberculosis	[24]
(Afolabi, 2021)	Tuberculosis-Malaria	Yes	Index to	–	[25]
(Barley, 2012)	Malaria-HIV	Yes	Index to	–	[26]
(Seidu, 2015)	Malaria-HIV	Yes	Index to	Condoms, Insecticide- Treated Nets, Malaria Treatment, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), Mass Spraying	[27]
(Nyabadza, 2015)	Malaria-HIV	Yes	Index to	HIV Treatment, AIDS Treatment, Malaria Treatment	[28]
(Mohammed-Awel, 2017)	Malaria-HIV	Yes	Index to	Malaria Treatment, Insecticide- Treated Nets	[29]
(Fatmawati, 2018)	Malaria-HIV	Yes	Index to	Malaria Prevention, Malaria Treatment, Antiretroviral Therapy (ARV)	[30]
(Saha, 2019)	Malaria-HIV	Yes	–	HIV Treatment, Malaria Treatment	[31]
(Oladapo, 2023)	Malaria-HIV	Yes	Index to	–	[32]
(Massad, 1993)	Tuberculosis-HIV	No	Index to Variable	–	[33]
(Naresh, 2009)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	Tuberculosis Treatment	[34]
(Bhunu, 2009)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	–	[35]
(Gakkhar, 2012)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	–	[36]
(Agusto, 2014)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	Index to	Three Case Findings, Six Preventions Treatment Failure Tuberculosis,	[37]
(Kaur, 2014)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	Tuberculosis Treatment, HIV Treatment, Tuberculosis Screening, HIV Screening	[38]
(Adewale, 2015)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	Index to	HIV Treatment	[39]
(Bunwong, 2015)	Tuberculosis-HIV	No	–	–	[40]
(Kaur, 2015)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	–	[41]
(Nthiiri, 2015)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	–	[42]
(Mallela, 2016)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	HIV Early Treatment, HIV Late Treatment	[43]
(Olopade, 2016	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	–	[44]
(Bolarin, 2017)	Tuberculosis-HIV	No	–	HIV Treatment, Tuberculosis Treatment	[45]
(Awoke, 2018)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	HIV Preventive Education, Tuberculosis Preventive Education, HIV Treatment, Tuberculosis Treatment	[46]
(Muthuri, 2018)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	Index to	Tuberculosis treatment	[47]
(Tahir, 2019)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	Tuberculosis Treatment, Tuberculosis Social Distancing, Infection Control at Health Care Center, MDR Tuberculosis Treatment - HIV ARV	[48]
(Tanvi, 2020a)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	HIV-Tuberculosis Treatment	[49]
(Tanvi, 2020b)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	HIV Detection, Tuberculosis Detection, HIV-Tuberculosis Detection	[50]
(Tanvi, 2020c)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	Tuberculosis Treatment, Early HIV Treatment, Late HIV Treatment, IRIS Treatment	[51]
(Omale, 2021)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	Index to	Tuberculosis Awareness Education, HIV Awareness Education, Tuberculosis-HIV Awareness Education	[52]
(Biswas, 2022)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	Tuberculosis Vaccination, Tuberculosis-HIV Treatment	[53]
(Patchaimani, 2022)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	–	Tuberculosis-HIV Treatment	[54]
(Adeyemo, 2023)	Tuberculosis-HIV	No	–	–	[55]
(Teklu, 2023)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	Index to	Prevention HIV, Prevention Tuberculosis, Treatment HIV, Treatment Tuberculosis,	[56]
(Torres, 2023)	Tuberculosis-HIV	Yes	PRCC	–	[57]
(Singh, 2013)	Tuberculosis-Malaria-HIV	Yes	–	Malaria Treatment	[58]

Note: Basic Reproduction Number.

Table 2 Compartments of the Models

(Name, Year) [Reference]	Number of Compartments	Tuberculosis	Malaria	HIV/AIDS	Vector	Coinfection	Others
(Alzahrani, 2022)^Citation24	11	Exposed, Infected, Treatment	Exposed, Infected	–	Susceptible, Exposed, Infected	Tuberculosis-Malaria	Susceptible, Recovered
(Afolabi, 2021)^Citation25	14	Vaccination, Exposed, Undetected, Detected, Recovered	Exposed, Infected, Recovered	–	Susceptible, Exposed	Exposed Tuberculosis-Malaria, Active Tuberculosis-Malaria, Recovered Tuberculosis-Malaria	Susceptible
(Barley, 2012)^Citation26	6	–	Infected	HIV Infected	Susceptible, Infected	HIV-Malaria	Susceptible
(Seidu, 2015)^Citation27	9	–	Infected	HIV Productive, HIV Non-Productive, AIDS Infected	Susceptible, Exposed, Infected	HIV-Malaria	Susceptible
(Nyabadza, 2015)^Citation28	13	–	Exposed, Infected	HIV Infected, AIDS Infected, HIV Treatment, AIDS Treatment	Susceptible, Exposed, Infected	Asymptomatic, AIDS-Malaria, Symptomatic, AIDS-Malaria, AIDS-Malaria Treatment	Susceptible
(Mohammed-Awel, 2017)^Citation29	8	–	Infected	HIV Infected	Susceptible, Infected	HIV-Malaria	Susceptible, Recovered (Temporary Immune to Malaria), Recovered (Infectious HIV)
(Fatmawati, 2018)^Citation30	7	–	Infected	HIV Infected, AIDS Infected	Susceptible, Infected	HIV-Malaria	Susceptible
(Saha, 2019)^Citation31	9	–	Infected, Treatment	HIV Infected, HIV Treatment	Susceptible, Infected	HIV-Malaria Coinfected, HIV-Malaria Treatment	Susceptible
(Oladapo, 2023)^Citation32	14	–	Treated, Exposed, Infected, Recovered	HIV Latent, HIV Undetected, HIV Detected, HIV Treated,	Susceptible, Exposed, Infected	HIV-Malaria Exposed, Active HIV-Malaria	Susceptible
(Massad, 1993)^Citation33	16	Latent, Active, Infected,	–	HIV Infected, AIDS Infected, AIDS Complex	–	HIV-Latent Tuberculosis, HIV-Active Tuberculosis, HIV-Tuberculosis, AIDS-Latent Tuberculosis, AIDS-Active Tuberculosis,	Susceptible, Healthy Seropositive
(Naresh, 2009)^Citation34	5	Infected	–	HIV Infected, AIDS Infected	–	Tuberculosis-HIV	Susceptible
(Bhunu, 2009)^Citation35	10	Exposed, Symptomatic, Recovered	–	HIV Asymptomatic, AIDS Infected,		Exposed Tuberculosis-HIV, Exposed Tuberculosis-AIDS, Symptomatic Tuberculosis-HIV, Symptomatic Tuberculosis-AIDS,	Susceptible
(Gakkhar, 2012)^Citation36	4	Infected	–	HIV Infected	–	Tuberculosis-HIV	Susceptible
(Agusto, 2014)^Citation37	21	Sensitive Latent, Sensitive Active, Treated Sensitive, Resistant Latent, Resistant Active, Treated Resistant,	–	HIV Infected, HIV Symptoms,	–	HIV-Sensitive Latent, HIV-Sensitive Active, Treated HIV-Sensitive, HIV-Resistant Latent, HIV-Resistant Active, Treated HIV-Resistant, AIDS-Sensitive Latent, AIDS-Sensitive Active, Treated AIDS-Sensitive, AIDS-Resistant Latent, AIDS-Resistant Active, Treated AIDS-Resistant,	Susceptible
(Kaur, 2014)^Citation38	6	Infected	–	HIV Infected, AIDS Infected	–	Tuberculosis-HIV, Tuberculosis-AIDS	Susceptible
(Adewale, 2015)^Citation39	9	Exposed, Undetectable, Detectable, Treatment, Recovered	–	HIV Exposed, HIV Undetectable, HIV Detectable, HIV Treatment	–	–	Susceptible
(Bunwong, 2015)^Citation40	6	Exposed, Active	–	HIV Infected	–	Exposed Tuberculosis-HIV, Active, Tuberculosis-HIV	Susceptible
(Kaur, 2015)^Citation41	4	Infected	–	Infected	–	Infected	Susceptible
(Nthiiri, 2015)^Citation42	12	Protected, Asymptomatic, Symptomatic, Recovered		Protected, Asymptomatic, Symptomatic,		Tuberculosis-HIV Asymptomatic, Tuberculosis-HIV Symptomatic, Tuberculosis-AIDS Symptomatic, Tuberculosis-AIDS Asymptomatic	Susceptible
(Mallela, 2016)^Citation43	8	Infected	–	HIV Infected	–	Tuberculosis-HIV Coinfected, Initial Treatment, HIV-Tuberculosis, Late Treatment, HIV-Tuberculosis, Initial Treatment, HIV-Treatment Tuberculosis, Final Treatment, HIV-Treatment Tuberculosis	Susceptible
(Olopade, 2016)^Citation44	15	Latent, Detected, Undetected, Treatment Fail, Recovered	–	HIV Latent, HIV Detected, HIV Undetected,	–	Latent Tuberculosis-HIV, Active Tuberculosis-HIV, Recovered Tuberculosis-HIV, Latent HIV-Tuberculosis, Aktif HIV-Tuberculosis	Susceptible
(Bolarin, 2017)^Citation45	6	Infected, Recovered	–	HIV Infected, AIDS Infected	–	Tuberculosis-HIV	Susceptible
(Awoke, 2018)^Citation46	13	Educated, Latent, Active, Treated,	–	Educated, HIV Asymptomatic, HIV Treatment, AIDS Infected,	–	Latent Tuberculosis-HIV, ActiveTuberculosis-HIV, Tuberculosis-AIDS, Recovered Tuberculosis-HIV	Susceptible
(Muthuri, 2018)^Citation47	9	Latent, Infected, Treated	–	HIV-Infected, AIDS Infected		Exposed Tuberculosis-HIV, Tuberculosis-HIV, Treated Tuberculosis-HIV, Treated Tuberculosis-Treated HIV	Susceptible
(Tahir, 2019)^Citation48	9	Exposed, Active, Cured	–	HIV with AIDS symptoms, HIV without AIDS symptoms, HIV Treatment	–	Exposed Tuberculosis-HIV, Active, Tuberculosis-HIV	Susceptible
(Tanvi, 2020a)^Citation49	5	Infected	–	HIV Infected,	–	Tuberculosis-HIV	Susceptible, Recovered
(Tanvi, 2020b)^Citation50	11	Exposed, Active, Cured	–	HIV Infected, AIDS Infected, AIDS Treatment	–	Exposed Tuberculosis-HIV, Active, Tuberculosis-HIV, Exposed Tuberculosis-AIDS, Active, Tuberculosis-AIDS	Susceptible
(Tanvi, 2020c)^Citation51	14	Exposed, Recovered, Infected, Initial Stage Treatment, Final Stage Treatment	–	HIV Infected, HIV Treatment	–	Exposed Tuberculosis-AIDS, Exposed Tuberculosis-HIV, Early Stage of Tuberculosis-ARV, Final Stage of Tuberculosis-ARV	Susceptible, IRIS, IRIS Treatment
(Omale, 2021)^Citation52	7	Infected, Treatment, Recovered	–	AIDS Infected	–	Tuberculosis-HIV Coinfected, Tuberculosis-HIV Treatment	Susceptible
(Biswas, 2022)^Citation53	10	Latent, Symptoms, Exposed	–	HIV Infected, HIV with AIDS Symptoms, AIDS Infected	–	Exposed Tuberculosis-HIV, Exposed Tuberculosis-AIDS,	Susceptible, Recovered
(Patchaimani, 2022)^Citation54	6	Infected	–	HIV Infected, AIDS Infected	–	Tuberculosis-HIV	Susceptible, Recovered
(Adeyemo, 2023)^Citation55	9	Infected, Death, Recovered	–	HIV Infected, Death, Recovered	–	Tuberculosis-HIV, Death	Susceptible
(Teklu, 2023)^Citation56	14	Immune, Exposed, Fast Latent, Slow Latent, Active, Treated	–	HIV Acute, HIV Chronic, AIDS Infected, HIV Treatment,	–	Acute HIV-Tuberculosis, Infected HIV-Tuberculosis, Treated HIV-Tuberculosis	Susceptible
(Torres, 2023)^Citation57	14	High Risk Latent, Low Risk Latent, Symptomatic		HIV Treated, HIV Aware, HIV Unaware, AIDS Infected		Latent Tuberculosis-Unaware HIV, Latent Tuberculosis-Aware HIV, Tuberculosis-Unaware HIV, Tuberculosis-Aware HIV, Tuberculosis-AIDS, Tuberculosis-Treated HIV	Susceptible
(Singh, 2013)^Citation58	5	Infected	Infected	HIV Infected, AIDS Infected	–	–	Susceptible

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