Factors Associated with Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Hypoxia After off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Case-Control Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of patient enrollment.

Table 1 Basic Characteristics

Characteristics	PE (n=100)	Non-PE (n=196)	P-value
Sex (males/females)	73/27	147/49	0.710
Age (years)	68 (65, 72)	65(60, 71)	< 0.001*
History of DM	53/47	89/107	0.217
History of EH	78/22	138/58	0.165
History of CI	42/58	73/123	0.428
Smoking history	75/25	96/100	< 0.001*
Preoperative AMI	27/73	51/145	0.857
Preoperative indicators
Blood HCT (%)	40.0 (37.5, 40.0)	39.6 (38.0, 41.6)	0.357
Blood PLT (10^9/l)	218 (180, 286)	248 (208, 298)	0.005*
NT-BNP level (pg/mL)	185 (95, 402)	222(103, 506)	0.136
D-Dimer level (mg/l)	0.30 (0.23, 0.40)	0.29 (0.23, 0.38)	0.371
Arterial PaO (mmHg)	78 (73, 82)	83 (75, 88)	< 0.001*
LVEF (%)	56 (54, 58)	56 (53, 58)	0.920
Number of bridging vessels	3 (2, 3)	3 (2, 3)	0.868
ICU time (h)	48 (44, 65)	44 (40, 51)	< 0.001*
Postoperative indicators
Blood HCT (%)	34.0 (31.2, 36.9)	34.8 (32.8, 36.0)	0.207
Blood PLT (10^9/l)	297 (238, 354)	320(273, 360)	0.042*
NT-BNP level (pg/mL)	1136 (613, 1467)	456 (325, 999)	< 0.001*
D-dimer level (mg/l)	7.59 (5.27, 8.88)	3.9 (2.60–5.56)	< 0.001*
PAP (mmHg)	30 (30, 35)	30(30, 30)	0.002*
LVEF (%)	55 (54, 56)	56 (52, 57)	0.682
FIB levels(g/l)	5.30 (4.65, 6.25)	5.14 (4.22, 5.93)	0.052
DVT	74/26	52/144	< 0.001*

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes; EH, hypertension; CI, cerebral infarction; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; HCT, hematocrit; PLT, platelet count; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; ICU, intensive care unit; PAP, Pulmonary artery pressure; FIB, Fibrinogen levels; DVT, deep venous thrombosis.

Table 2 Comparison of Risk Factors in Patients with Acute PE at Different Risk Stratification (sPESI) After OPCAB Surgery

Characteristics	Low risk (n=64)	Medium and High Risk (n=36)	P-value
Sex (males/females)	46/18	27/9	0.735
Age (years)	68 (64, 72)	68(66, 71)	0.364
History of DM	29/35	24/12	0.040*
History of EH	50/14	28/8	0.968
History of CI	25/39	17/19	0.427
Smoking history	49/15	26/10	0.630
Preoperative AMI	12/52	15/21	0.013*
Preoperative indicators
Blood HCT (%)	40.6 (37.1, 42.9)	40.0 (38.0, 42.0)	0.394
Blood PLT (10^9/l)	220 (178, 286)	218 (180, 286)	0.841
NT-BNP level (pg/mL)	156 (68, 281)	578 (118, 1197)	0.001*
D-Dimer level (mg/l)	0.28 (0.23, 0.37)	0.37 (0.24, 0.48)	0.027*
Arterial PaO (mmHg)	78 (71, 82)	78 (74, 83)	0.855
LVEF (%)	56 (55, 58)	55 (44, 57)	0.012*
Number of bridging vessels	3 (2, 3)	3 (3, 3)	0.339
ICU time (h)	48 (44, 56)	50 (42, 96)	0.149
Postoperative indicators
Blood HCT (%)	34 (31.6,36.8)	34 (31.0, 36.7)	0.698
Blood PLT (10^9/l)	220 (178, 286)	301 (226, 342)	0.841
NT-BNP level (pg/mL)	855 (539, 1356)	1214 (898, 1668)	0.006*
D-Dimer level (mg/l)	7.549 (5.05, 8.75)	7.65 (5.3–13.8)	0.273
PAP (mmHg)	30 (30, 34.7)	30 (30, 40)	0.024*
LVEF (%)	56 (55, 58)	54 (47, 56)	0.001*
FIB levels (g/l)	5.54 (4.87, 6.50)	5.22 (3.88, 5.79)	0.075
DVT	45/19	29/7	0.262

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes; EH, hypertension; CI, cerebral infarction; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; HCT, hematocrit; PLT, platelet count; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; ICU, intensive care unit; PAP, Pulmonary artery pressure; FIB, Fibrinogen levels; DVT, deep venous thrombosis.

Figure 2 Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis for the estimation of optimal variable thresholds.

Figure 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Figure 4 (A) The nomograph for pulmonary embolism. (B) Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to determine the predictive value of the nomograms. (C) Bootstrap was used to verify the prediction model.

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets used and analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.