Multisite Pain and Intensity were Associated with History Fall among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Pain map for all the 45 pain sites.

Table 1 Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for All Participants

Factors	Non-fallers n=1880	Fallers n=817	p*
Age, years (mean±SD)	72.54±7.05	74.02±7.5	<0.001
Sex, females, n (%)	979 (52.1)	444 (54.3)	0.27
Race, n, (%)			<0.001
White/Caucasian	1477 (78.7)	682 (84.0)
Black/African American	269 (14.3)	72 (8.9)
Others	130 (6.9)	58 (7.1)
BMI, Kg/m^2 (mean±SD)	29.26±6.3	29.48±6.6	0.43
Education, n, (%)			0.25
Less than high school	335 (17.8)	153 (18.7)
High school	486 (25.9)	196 (24.0)
Some college	568 (30.2)	273 (33.4)
Bachelors or more	491 (26.1)	195 (23.9)
Total number of medications (mean±SD)	6.5±4.2	7.73±4.6	<0.001
Number of comorbidities, n, (%)			<0.001
None	139 (7.4)	40 (4.9)
One	318 (16.9)	108 (13.2)
Two	411 (21.9)	129 (15.8)
Three or more	1012 (53.8)	540 (66.1)
Number of painful sites, n, (%)			<0.001
None	628 (35.4)	165 (21.3)
One site	188 (10.6)	68 (8.8)
Two sites	291 (16.4)	141 (18.2)
Three or more	665 (37.5)	400 (51.7)
Pain intensity in the past 4 weeks (mean±SD)	2.85±1.04	3.12±1.02	<0.001

Notes: *p indicates the p-value that was based on Chi square for categorical variables or independent t-test for continuous variables.

Abbreviations: %, Percent within fallers; BMI, Body Mass Index; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 2 Flowchart for included participants.

Table 2 Binary Logistic Regression for the Association Between Multisite Pain and Pain Intensity with Risk of Fall (Fallers Vs Non-Fallers)

	OR [95% CI]	p-value
Multisite Pain Categories (n=2394)
Three painful sites or more	2.04 [1.62, 2.57]	<0.001
Two painful sites	1.72 [1.30, 2.27]	<0.001
One painful site	1.31 [0.93, 1.85]	0.12
No painful site	Ref	Ref
Pain intensity in the past 4 weeks* (n=1597)	1.28 [1.15, 1.44]	<0.001

Notes: The model was adjusted for age, sex, race, education, BMI, number of comorbidities, and number of medications. *The model was further adjusted for multisite pain.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Binary Logistic Regression for the Association Between Multisite Pain and Pain Intensity with Frequent Falls (Frequent Fallers Vs Non-Frequent Fallers)

	OR [95% CI]	p-value
Multisite Pain Categories (n=2394)
Three painful sites or more	2.19 [1.56, 3.07]	<0.001
Two painful sites	1.54 [1.01, 2.34]	0.045
One painful site	1.12 [0.65, 1.93]	0.68
No painful site	Ref	Ref
Pain intensity in the past 4 weeks*(n=1597)	1.64 [1.40, 1.91]	<0.001

Notes: The model was adjusted for age, sex, race, education, BMI, number of comorbidities, and number of medications. *The model was further adjusted for multisite pain.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.