Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Toward Physical Literacy Among the College Students During COVID-19 School Closure

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ Sociodemographic Information and KAP Scores

Variables	N (%)	Knowledge Score		Attitude Score		Practice Score
		Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	P
Total	969	6.57±0.95		32.63±4.07		27.06±7.23
Gender			0.744		0.087		<0.001
Male	530 (54.7)	6.56±0.93		32.83±4.24		28.26±7.55
Female	439 (45.3)	6.58±0.99		32.38±3.86		25.60±6.54
Age	18.73±0.97
The only child			0.411		0.486		0.484
Yes	530 (54.70)	6.59±0.93		32.71±4.12		27.21±7.40
No	439 (45.30)	6.54±0.98		32.53±4.02		26.88±7.02
Residence			0.739		0.241		0.395
Rural	213 (21.98)	6.59±0.83		32.92±3.95		26.69±7.16
Urban	756 (78.02)	6.56±0.99		32.54±4.11		27.16±7.25
Monthly per capita income of Families (CNY)			0.074		0.464		0.402
<2000	71 (7.33)	6.27±1.33		32.24±3.71		26.14±8.02
2000–5000	268 (27.66)	6.62±0.91		32.36±3.88		26.61±7.14
5000–10,000	322 (33.23)	6.59±0.90		32.93±4.05		27.27±7.09
10,000–20,000	214 (22.08)	6.54±1.05		32.61±4.17		27.21±7.49
>20,000	94 (9.70)	6.63±0.57		32.68±4.70		27.97±6.69
Education level			0.001		0.001		0.165
Junior College	10 (1.03)	5.60±2.12		27.80±5.29		23.90±6.10
Bachelor’s degree in reading	959 (98.97)	6.58±0.93		32.68±4.03		27.09±7.23
Father’s education level			0.895		0.731		0.792
Middle School and below	273 (28.17)	6.55±0.98		32.59±4.03		27.11±7.62
High school and Technical secondary school	287 (29.62)	6.60±0.93		32.45±3.95		26.76±7.27
Junior College and Bachelor’s degree	374 (38.60)	6.57±0.96		32.74±4.09		27.29±6.88
Master’s degree and above	35 (3.61)	6.49±0.85		33.09±5.21		26.60±7.61
Mother’s education level			0.963		0.902		0.892
Middle School and below	324 (33.44)	6.58±0.88		32.61±4.08		26.82±7.56
High school and Technical secondary school	299 (30.86)	6.58±0.93		32.51±4.07		27.19±7.11
Junior College and Bachelor’s degree	312 (32.20)	6.54±1.06		32.73±3.92		27.20±6.80
Master’s degree and above	34 (3.61)	6.56±0.82		32.85±5.35		26.82±8.91
Academic grade			0.020		<0.001		0.004
Freshman	581 (59.96)	6.52±1.00		33.29±4.21		27.72±7.47
Sophomore	364 (37.56)	6.67±0.83		31.57±3.68		25.97±6.64
Junior	6 (0.62)	6.00±0.89		31.83±4.40		27.17±3.49
Senior and above	18 (1.86)	6.22±1.52		32.89±2.59		27.61±9.20
Major			0.991		0.082		0.026
Literature	109 (11.25)	6.56±1.00		32.21±3.82		26.09±6.76
Science	103 (10.63)	6.54±0.99		32.96±4.47		27.05±7.49
Engineering	562 (58.00)	6.57±0.90		32.83±4.15		27.61±7.43
Other	194 (20.12)	6.58±1.06		32.09±3.71		26.02±6.60
Having exercise habits			0.129		<0.001		<0.001
Yes	592 (61.09)	6.60±0.86		33.35±4.06		29.28±6.99
No	377 (38.91)	6.51±1.09		31.48±3.82		23.57±6.14
BMI (kg/m^2)			0.907		0.017		0.091
<18.5	144 (14.86)	6.59±0.87		32.68±4.03		25.99±6.50
18.5–23.9	566 (58.41)	6.56±0.99		32.34±4.05		27.42±7.32
≥24	259 (26.73)	6.58±0.93		33.21±4.10		26.85±7.38

Table 2 Knowledge

Knowledge	Correctness N(%)
K1. Physical literacy refers to the comprehensive cultural development of an individual’s innate inclination towards physical and spiritual pursuits, which gradually evolves through genetic factors and practical experiences influenced by family, school physical education, and the social environment.	926 (95.56)
K2. In most relevant frameworks, physical literacy encompasses physical, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive dimensions.	926 (95.56)
K3. Physical literacy significantly influences the physical and mental well-being of college students, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.	967 (99.79)
K4. Physical literacy has a negligible impact on the physical and mental health of college students.	967 (99.79)
K5. Physical literacy encompasses the “motivation and confidence” required to engage in physical activities and serves as a means to emphasize the spiritual orientation towards school sports.	897 (92.57)
K6. Physical literacy solely encompasses physical health aspects and does not pertain to mental health.	935 (96.49)
K7. Physical literacy stimulates and reinforces the inclination to participate, and improving physical literacy can further enhance students’ motivation in their lives, resulting in a more profound positive impact.	941 (97.11)
K8. During the COVID-19 school closure, enhancing physical literacy in both physical and mental aspects can facilitate positive emotional interactions among students.	943 (97.32)
K9. Competitive team sports (eg, football, basketball) do not contribute to the development of competitive synergy and social interaction within the physical literacy of college students.	796 (82.15)

Table 3 Attitudes

	Strongly Agree n (%)	Agree n (%)	Neutral n (%)	Disagree n (%)	Strongly Disagree n (%)
A1. You recognize the significance of physical literacy in maintaining the physical and mental well-being of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.	551 (56.86)	384 (39.63)	31 (3.20)	1 (0.10)	2 (0.21)
A2. Throughout the period of school closure, you aim to enhance your physical literacy by engaging in diverse forms of exercise, such as aerobic/resistance training and participating in group athletics on campus.	406 (41.90)	390 (40.25)	146 (15.07)	26 (2.68)	1 (0.10)
A3. Amidst the COVID-19 situation, you possess complete confidence in the school’s implemented measures to prevent the spread of the epidemic.	356 (36.74)	389 (4.14)	189 (19.50)	24 (2.48)	11 (1.14)
A4. You believe that the prevailing epidemic situation and the school closure have hindered your ability to focus on your academic pursuits.	173 (17.85)	261 (26.93)	335 (34.57)	151 (15.58)	49 (5.06)
A5. Given the circumstances brought about by COVID-19, you deem it necessary to provide appropriate training and lectures on mental health topics.	336 (34.67)	435 (44.89)	170 (17.54)	21 (2.17)	7 (0.72)
A6. You are in agreement with the importance of conducting psychological screening for college students during the school closure.	318 (32.82)	453 (46.75)	181 (18.68)	11 (1.14)	6 (0.62)
A7. With the recurrence of the epidemic and the ongoing school closure due to COVID-19, you find yourself uncertain about your future development.	156 (16.10)	300 (30.96)	316 (32.61)	153 (15.79)	44 (4.54)
A8. You believe that the school closure environment has posed challenges in carrying out certain sporting activities.	222 (22.91)	472 (48.71)	201 (20.74)	56 (5.78)	18 (1.86)
A9. In the unique context of the COVID-19 school closure, you emphasize the importance of college students actively assessing their own conditions and reflecting on their experiences in order to improve their physical literacy through effective self-management.	328 (33.85)	511 (52.73)	123 (12.69)	4 (0.41)	3 (0.31)

Table 4 Practices

	Always n (%)	Often n (%)	Sometimes n (%)	Occasionally n (%)	Never n (%)
P1. How frequently did you engage in aerobic exercises such as jogging, cycling, tai chi, and other related activities?	121 (12.49)	196 (20.23)	369 (38.08)	241 (24.87)	42 (4.33)
P2. How often did you perform resistance training exercises such as push-ups, dumbbell lifts, and similar activities?	65 (6.71)	69 (7.12)	177 (18.27)	312 (32.20)	346 (35.71)
P3. How frequently did you participate in group training sessions or competitions such as football, volleyball, and other similar sports?	47 (4.85)	68 (7.02)	151 (15.58)	298 (30.75)	405 (41.80)
P4. How often did you utilize advanced methods such as sports bracelets and sports apps to manage your exercise routine and monitor your physical condition?	128 (13.21)	157 (16.20)	257 (26.5)	217 (22.39)	210 (21.67)
P5. How often did you seek psychological support from friends or the school doctor during the period of COVID-19 school closure?	39 (4.02)	47 (4.85)	154 (15.89)	268 (27.66)	461 (47.57)
P6. How frequently did you employ meditation and reading as means to regulate your emotions during the period of COVID-19 school closure?	70 (7.22)	96 (9.91)	234 (24.15)	298 (30.75)	271 (27.97)
P7. How often did you actively communicate with your classmates to enhance the quality of your friendships during the school closure?	275 (28.38)	290 (29.93)	253 (26.11)	118 (12.18)	33 (3.41)
P8. How frequently did you engage in social activities (eg, participating in student councils, clubs) to maintain your social connections during the school closure?	143 (14.76)	162 (16.72)	287 (29.62)	245 (25.28)	132 (13.62)
P9. How often did you assess your physical condition, consciously identify any issues, and take appropriate measures during the school closure?	107 (11.04)	193 (19.92)	369 (38.08)	227 (23.43)	73 (7.53)
P10. How frequently did you assess your psychological state, consciously identify any problems, and take appropriate measures during the school closure?	123 (12.69)	204 (21.05)	345 (35.60)	195 (20.12)	102 (10.53)

Table 5 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Knowledge

Factors	Univariate Logistic Regression		Multivariate Logistic Regression
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Gender
Male	Ref.		Ref.
Female	1.117 (0.842 1.482)	0.444	1.157 (0.812 1.649)	0.420
Age	1.502 (0.905 1.223)	0.510	0.956 (0.798 1.146)	0.627
The only child
Yes	1.148 (0.866 1.521)	0.337	1.168 (0.842 1.621)	0.352
No	Ref.		Ref.
Residence
Rural	Ref.		Ref.
Urban	0.931 (0.662 1.312)	0.684	0.800 (0.527 1.214)	0.294
Monthly per capita income of Families (CNY)
<2000	Ref.		Ref.
2000–5000	1.666 (0.957 2.903)	0.071	1.706 (0.961 3.030)	0.068
5000–10,000	1.586 (0.922 2.727)	0.096	1.611 (0.901 2.878)	0.108
10,000–20,000	1.554 (0.880 2.746)	0.129	1.630 (0.873 3.046)	0.125
>20,000	1.174 (0.615 2.241)	0.626	1.262 (0.610 2.610)	0.531
Education level
Junior College	Ref.		Ref.
Bachelor’s degree in reading	3.949 (1.106 14.104)	0.034	4.053 (1.102 14.908)	0.035
Father’s education level
Middle School and below	Ref.		Ref.
High school and Technical secondary school	1.091 (0.752 1.582)	0.647	1.075 (0.694 1.664)	0.747
Junior College and Bachelor’s degree	1.020 (0.721 1.444)	0.911	0.947 (0.575 1.560)	0.831
Master’s degree and above	0.665 (0.319 1.386)	0.276	0.601 (0.220 1.645)	0.322
Mother’s education level
Middle School and below	Ref.		Ref.
High school and Technical secondary school	0.968 (0.683 1.374)	0.857	0.976 (0.630 1.512)	0.913
Junior College and Bachelor’s degree	1.044 (0.737 1.480)	0.809	1.127 (0.678 1.873)	0.645
Master’s degree and above	0.804 (0.377 1.717)	0.573	1.225 (0.428 3.511)	0.705
Academic grade
Freshman	Ref.		Ref.
Sophomore	1.403 (1.039 1.896)	0.027	1.508 (1.037 2.192)	0.031
Junior	0.214 (0.039 1.178)	0.076	0.198 (0.034 1.165)	0.073
Senior and above	0.672 (0.256 1.762)	0.419	0.670 (0.252 1.785)	0.423
Major
Literature	Ref.		Ref.
Science	0.924 (0.508 1.680)	0.796	0.940 (0.492 1.796)	0.852
Engineering	0.938 (0.593 1.483)	0.783	0.920 (0.545 1.553)	0.755
Other	1.163 (0.683 1.979)	0.578	1.116 (0.643 1.936)	0.697
Having exercise habits
Yes	1.136 (0.853 1.513)	0.382	1.238 (0.912 1.680)	0.171
No	Ref.		Ref.
BMI (kg/m^2)
<18.5	Ref.		Ref.
18.5–23.9	1.028 (0.685 1.542)	0.894	1.015 (0.664 1.552)	0.944
≥24	1.054 (0.670 1.659)	0.820	1.072 (0.666 1.727)	0.774

Table 6 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of attitudes

Factors	Univariate Logistic Regression		Multivariate Logistic Regression
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Knowledge	1.871 (1.423 2.444)	<0.001	2.011 (1.521 2.660)	<0.001
Gender
Male	Ref.		Ref.
Female	0.783 (0.589 1.040)	0.091	0.930 (0.644 1.345)	0.701
Age	0.716 (0.601 0.853)	<0.001	0.926 (0.736 1.161)	0.504
The only child
Yes	0.936 (0.706 1.240)	0.643	1.065 (0.756 1.500)	0.719
No	Ref.		Ref.
Residence
Rural	Ref.		Ref.
Urban	0.700 (0.505 0.970)	0.032	0.593 (0.387 0.908)	0.016
Monthly per capita income of Families (CNY)
<2000	Ref.		Ref.
2000–5000	1.101 (0.598 2.027)	0.756	1.101 (0.565 2.149)	0.777
5000–10,000	1.310 (0.722 2.376)	0.375	1.425 (0.726 2.800)	0.304
10,000–20,000	1.296 (0.697 2.408)	0.413	1.410 (0.687 2.895)	0.349
>20,000	1.417 (0.704 2.851)	0.328	1.598 (0.704 3.628)	0.262
Education level
Junior College	Ref.
Bachelor’s degree in reading	–	–
Father’s education level
Middle School and below	Ref.		Ref.
High school and Technical secondary school	0.885 (0.611 1.281)	0.516	0.913 (0.577 1.444)	0.697
Junior College and Bachelor’s degree	0.933 (0.660 1.320)	0.696	1.005 (0.595 1.700)	0.984
Master’s degree and above	1.451 (0.697 3.023)	0.320	1.367 (0.489 3.823)	0.551
Mother’s education level
Middle School and below	Ref.		Ref.
High school and Technical secondary school	0.864 (0.607 1.228)	0.415	0.868 (0.547 1.378)	0.547
Junior College and Bachelor’s degree	0.946 (0.670 1.335)	0.753	0.919 (0.542 1.556)	0.752
Master’s degree and above	1.335 (0.635 2.806)	0.447	1.022 (0.357 2.925)	0.967
Academic grade
Freshman	Ref.		Ref.
Sophomore	0.444 (0.324 0.609)	<0.001	0.429 (0.280 0.657)	<0.001
Junior	0.387 (0.045 3.334)	0.387	0.690 (0.071 6.629)	0.748
Senior and above	0.553 (0.180 1.701)	0.301	0.559 (0.171 1.831)	0.337
Major
Literature	Ref.		Ref.
Science	1.622 (0.900 2.922)	0.107	1.559 (0.802 3.029)	0.190
Engineering	1.151 (0.722 1.837)	0.554	1.005 (0.583 1.735)	0.985
Other	0.893 (0.519 1.536)	0.683	0.975 (0.549 1.732)	0.931
Having exercise habits
Yes	1.889 (1.402 2.573)	<0.001	1.846 (1.328 2.567)	<0.001
No	Ref.		Ref.
BMI (kg/m^2)
<18.5	Ref.		Ref.
18.5–23.9	0.945 (0.625 1.427)	0.787	0.822 (0.527 1.283)	0.388
≥24	1.315 (0.839 2.062)	0.233	1.255 (0.769 2.050)	0.363

Table 7 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of practices

Factors	Univariate Logistic Regression		Multivariate Logistic Regression
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Knowledge	1.074 (0.926 1.245)	0.346	0.951 (0.804 1.124)	0.556
Attitude	1.188 (1.145 1.234)	<0.001	1.171 (1.122 1.221)	<0.001
Gender
Male	Ref.
Female	0.532 (0.404 0.702)	<0.001	0.590 (0.405 0.860)	0.006
Age	0.803 (0.686 0.940)	0.006	0.896 (0.709 1.133)	0.359
The only child
Yes	1.096 (0.838 1.434)	0.504	1.022 (0.723 1.444)	0.902
No	Ref.		Ref.
Residence
Rural	Ref.		Ref.
Urban	1.140 (0.822 1.582)	0.431	1.384 (0.893 2.144)	0.146
Monthly per capita income of Families (CNY)
<2000	Ref.		Ref.
2000–5000	0.904 (0.516 1.585)	0.724	0.818 (0.434 1.544)	0.536
5000–10,000	1.068 (0.617 1.847)	0.814	0.818 (0.432 1.550)	0.538
10,000–20,000	1.058 (0.597 1.875)	0.846	0.824 (0.417 1.630)	0.578
>20,000	1.355 (0.710 2.587)	0.358	1.223 (0.552 2.708)	0.620
Education level
Junior College	Ref.		Ref.
Bachelor’s degree in reading	1.163 (0.299 4.528)	0.828	0.564 (0.128 2.484)	0.449
Father’s education level
Middle School and below	Ref.		Ref.
High school and Technical secondary school	0.725 (0.507 1.037)	0.078	0.584 (0.367 0.929)	0.023
Junior College and Bachelor’s degree	1.041 (0.752 1.443)	0.807	0.704 (0.416 1.191)	0.191
Master’s degree and above	0.738 (0.340 1.600)	0.441	0.463 (0.152 1.408)	0.175
Mother’s education level
Middle School and below	Ref.		Ref.
High school and Technical secondary school	1.063 (0.61 1.486)	0.721	1.124 (0.703 1.796)	0.626
Junior College and Bachelor’s degree	1.136 (0.817 1.579)	0.449	1.084 (0.633 1.857)	0.769
Master’s degree and above	0.762 (0.343 1.689)	0.503	0.656 (0.206 2.090)	0.476
Academic grade
Freshman	Ref.		Ref.
Sophomore	0.627 (0.471 0.835)	0.001	0.920 (0.599 1.413)	0.703
Junior	0.851 (0.155 4.686)	0.853	1.236 (0.180 8.517)	0.829
Senior and above	1.083 (0.414 2.836)	0.871	1.132 (0.402 3.188)	0.815
Major
Literature	Ref.
Science	1.135 (0.636 2.025)	0.669	0.694 (0.349 1.384)	0.300
Engineering	1.282 (0.823 1.998)	0.272	0.780 (0.447 1.361)	0.381
Other	0.882 (0.527 1.476)	0.633	0.901 (0.504 1.609)	0.725
Having exercise habits
Yes	5.091 (3.651 7.099)	<0.001	3.883 (2.718 5.546)	<0.001
No	Ref.		Ref.
BMI (kg/m^2)
<18.5	Ref.
18.5–23.9	1.093 (0.741 1.613)	0.653	1.006 (0.642 1.578)	0.978
≥24	0.906 (0.585 1.403)	0.657	0.799 (0.478 1.333)	0.390

Abbreviation: KAP, knowledge attitudes and practices.

Data Sharing Statement

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article.